Tissue expansion in pediatric patients.

Tissue expansion has become a well-recognized technique for reconstructing a wide variety of skin and soft tissue defects. Its application in the pediatric population has allowed the plastic surgeon to achieve functional and aesthetic goals that were previously unobtainable. This technique can be applied to a variety of reconstructive problems, including the management of giant congenital nevi and the secondary reconstruction of extensive burn scars. This article reviews the use of tissue expansion in the pediatric population, with particular emphasis on indications, operative technique, and regional considerations. The authors also address concerns that have been expressed about the complications associated with this technique.

[1]  A. V. Van Beek,et al.  Tissue expansion in the upper extremity. , 1987, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[2]  G F Brobmann,et al.  Effects of Different‐Shaped Tissue Expanders on Transluminal Pressure, Oxygen Tension, Histopathologic Changes, and Skin Expansion in Pigs , 1985, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[3]  Chedomir Radovan,et al.  Tissue expansion in soft-tissue reconstruction. , 1984 .

[4]  J. Hoffmann.  Tissue expansion in the head and neck. , 2005, Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America.

[5]  B. Bauer,et al.  Expanded Full‐Thickness Skin Grafts in Children: Case Selection, Planning, and Management , 1993, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[6]  N. Karp,et al.  Maximizing gain from rectangular tissue expanders. , 1992, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[7]  C. V. Vander Kolk,et al.  Some further characteristics of expanded tissue. , 1987, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[8]  E. Austad,et al.  A self-inflating tissue expander. , 1982, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[9]  H. Neale,et al.  Tissue expansion in head and neck burn reconstruction. , 2000, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[10]  K. Bush,et al.  The Expanded Scapular Flap , 1995, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[11]  B. Nelson,et al.  Histology and physiology of tissue expansion. , 1993, The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology.

[12]  J. Molenaar,et al.  Surface‐Area Increase in Tissue Expansion , 1988, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[13]  C. G. Neumann.  THE EXPANSION OF AN AREA OF SKIN BY PROGRESSIVE DISTENTION OF A SUBCUTANEOUS BALLOON: Use of the Method for Securing Skin for Subtotal Reconstruction of the Ear , 1957, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[14]  W C Grabb,et al.  The Use of Tissue Expansion in Head and Neck Reconstruction , 1983, Annals of plastic surgery.

[15]  G. Hallock.  Preexpansion of free flap donor sites used in reconstruction after burn injury. , 1995, The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation.

[16]  Rod J. Rohrich,et al.  Risk Factors for Complications in Pediatric Tissue Expansion , 1996, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[17]  G. Pap.  Reconstruction of microtia using tissue expander , 1991 .

[18]  R. Spence.  Experience with Novel Uses of Tissue Expanders in Burn Reconstruction of the Face and Neck , 1992, Annals of plastic surgery.

[19]  David L. Larson,et al.  Giant Congenital Nevi: A 20‐Year Experience and an Algorithm for Their Management , 2001, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[20]  A. Taieb,et al.  Repeated Skin Expansion for Excision of Congenital Giant Nevi in Infancy and Childhood , 1993, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[21]  I. Jackson.  Use of external reservoirs in tissue expansion. , 1987, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[22]  G. Hallock.  Maximum Overinflation of Tissue Expanders , 1987, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

[23]  L. Argenta,et al.  Histopathology of human expanded tissue. , 1987, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[24]  M. Sawyer,et al.  The burned child--scarred for life? A study of the psychosocial impact of a burn injury at different developmental stages. , 1983, Burns, including thermal injury.

[25]  A. Quaba.  Reconstruction of a posttraumatic ear defect using tissue expansion: 30 years after Neumann. , 1988, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[26]  K. Harii,et al.  Tissue Expansion in Facial Reconstruction , 1994, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[27]  N. Karp,et al.  Complications of tissue expansion in a public hospital. , 1999, Annals of Plastic Surgery.

[28]  R. Galiano,et al.  The Role of Tissue Expansion in the Management of Large Congenital Pigmented Nevi of the Forehead in the Pediatric Patient , 2001, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[29]  G. Hallock.  Safety of clinical overinflation of tissue expanders. , 1995, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

[30]  D. Billmire,et al.  Tissue expanders in the lower face and anterior neck in pediatric burn patients: limitations and pitfalls. , 1993, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[31]  D. Billmire,et al.  Complications of Controlled Tissue Expansion in the Pediatric Burn Patient , 1988, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[32]  E. H. Duits,et al.  The modeling of skin expanders. , 1989, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[33]  Gordon Hiroshi Sasaki.  Tissue expansion in reconstruction of acquired auricular defects. , 1990, Clinics in Plastic Surgery.

[34]  G. Warden,et al.  Tissue Expander Complications in the Pediatric Burn Patient , 1998, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[35]  M. Marks,et al.  Burn management: the role of tissue expansion. , 1987, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[36]  G. Cherry,et al.  Histomorphologic evaluation of guinea pig skin and soft tissue after controlled tissue expansion. , 1982, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[37]  S. Lozano,et al.  Use of Tissue Expanders with External Ports , 2000, Annals of plastic surgery.

[38]  B. Bauer,et al.  The role of tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery. , 1990, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[39]  J. Mulliken,et al.  Tissue expansion in children: a retrospective study of complications. , 1997, Annals of plastic surgery.

[40]  B. Sumpio,et al.  Molecular basis for tissue expansion: clinical implications for the surgeon. , 1998, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[41]  V. Zubowicz,et al.  Applications and complications of tissue expansion in pediatric patients. , 1991, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[42]  B. Bauer.  The role of tissue expansion in reconstruction of the ear. , 1990, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[43]  R. Zuker,et al.  Tissue Expansion in the Pediatric Patient , 1993, Annals of plastic surgery.

[44]  M. Robson,et al.  Tissue Expansion in the Correction of Burn Alopecia: Classification and Methods of Correction , 1990, Annals of plastic surgery.

[45]  C Radovan,et al.  Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy Using the Temporary Expander , 1982, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[46]  K. Hosokawa,et al.  Correction of Congenital Microtia Using the Tissue Expander , 1989, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[47]  Z. Zainal.  ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGEONS , 1972 .

[48]  D. Seidman,et al.  Tissue expansion in reconstruction of postburn contracture of the first web space of the hand. , 1991, Annals of plastic surgery.

[49]  J. Wieslander,et al.  Tissue expansion in the head and neck. A 6-year review. , 1991, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery.

[50]  C. Paletta,et al.  Tissue expanders in children. , 1991, Journal of pediatric surgery.