Dietary uptake and biotransformation of Phthalate esters in Staghorn sculpin

Phthalate esters (PEs) are a group of orbat& chemicals used mainly as plasticizers. Due to their widespread use and their ability to leach from various products, PEs are considered ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Phthalate di-esters (DPEs) and their mono-ester metabolites (MPEs) have been linked to a variety of toxic effects, including endocrine disruption. Despite a wide range of Kows, previous work has shown that DPEs do not biomagnify in marine food webs. Biotransformation is believed to limit DPE bioaccumulation, but the specific role of metabolism in limiting DPE accumulation via the diet is not well understood. This study examines the dietary uptake and biotransformation of phthalate esters in Staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus). Sculpin were fed a diet containing DPEs and PCBs, and PCBs, DPEs and MPE metabolites were measured in the food, stomach, intestine, liver and muscle tissue over time. Results show that phthalate di-esters are extensively metabolized to phthalate mono--&--:&L--. IL~r + r . m m n k -A un+ne+anee i i i r i ~ teinn nrsrii~nic h m i \ h t a a n ihp "I I i nrlri t . 3 L G I 3 11 1 11 I= 3bUlplll J L u 1 1 law 1 UI IU 11 l r r y r a s mvv. u m m m u u # v n I y m . ~ . ~ . .-. -.-... --. . . . , 3--"internal tissues indicate the potential for both DPE and MPE dietary uptake. Significant increases of DMP, BBP, DnOP and MEHP above background levels were measured in sculpin tissues over time, but steady state concentrations remained low. Significant dietary uptake was not detected for all other DPE and MPE congeners. DPEs did not biomagnify. Gut metabolism appears to reduce the dietary uptake of phthalate di-esters and is believed to explain the lack of DPE biomagnification observed in marine food webs. However, un-metabolized DPEs and the MPEs produced by gut metabolism may still be absorbed across the gut wall. DPE and MPE absorption may be balanced by rapid elimination to produce the low steady state levels observed in the tissues. The gross flux of DPEs and MPEs across the gut wall may therefore be relatively high. Four mid-Kow MPEs (MBP, MBzP, MEHP and MOP) were detected in fish tissues (liver and muscle). For these congeners, MPEs & DPEs were found at relatively equal concentrations in sculpin muscle. Similar patterns may exist in wild fish. iii

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