Sample Analysis with Miniaturized Plasmas

Microplasmas coupled with optical or mass spectrometry are important tools for the detection of molecular fragments and element analysis, and they have been discussed in a few reviews.1–3 Most miniaturized discharges, such as dc plasmas, different capacitively coupled microplasmas, microstrip plasmas (MSP), dielectric barrier discharges, microstructured electrode (MSE) discharges, and even inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) have been included in these review articles. The present paper gives an updated overview of the different plasmas that have been developed and applied in analytical and molecular spectrometry, described in order from high-frequency to direct-current plasmas. Their analytical capabilities are reported together with their real implementations in different analytical systems. The second part of this Focal Point contains a review of the microplasmas developed for the analysis of liquid samples. These can be either microplasmas coupled with different sample injection devices or plasmas that use one electrode as a liquid or that are ignited directly in the liquid. It must be stressed that a lot of work has been done in this direction and further studies and de-

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