Field Statistics Overview

Previous publications have reported the field usage for various law enforcement agencies [1,2]. We sought to calculate the overall usage from local usage rates and detailed CEW sales data. Reports of law enforcement CEW usage were gathered from web searches. These covered 187 reports from 118 unique agencies for the years 1986–2008. A total of 156 reports were from the United States (83%) with the remainder coming fromCanada. The reporting period duration for an agency ranged from 6 weeks to 6 years with a mean of 1.03 0.53 years. The reports covered departments with 10–40,000 officers with 2–3847 TASER CEWs deployed in a department.

[1]  Mark Kroll,et al.  Crafting The Perfect Shock , 2007, IEEE Spectrum.

[2]  R. Nakhleh,et al.  Recommendations for Quality Assurance and Improvement in Surgical and Autopsy Pathology , 2006, American journal of clinical pathology.

[3]  D. Zipes,et al.  Phenylephrine Increases T Wave Shock Energy Required to Induce Ventricular Fibrillation , 1998, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[4]  S. Levy,et al.  Physiological Effects of a Five Second Taser Exposure: 1897 , 2007 .

[5]  M. Kroll,et al.  Chapter 17 – Testing and Programming of Implantable Defibrillator Functions at Implantation , 2007 .

[6]  S. Henderson,et al.  Excited Delirium , 2011, The western journal of emergency medicine.

[7]  P. Diamantopoulos,et al.  Electromagnetic modelling of current flow in the heart from TASER devices and the risk of cardiac dysrhythmias , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[8]  O. Voroshilovsky,et al.  High amplitude T-wave alternans precedes spontaneous ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in ICD electrograms. , 2008, Heart rhythm.

[9]  S J Stratton,et al.  Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium. , 2001, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[10]  T. Chan,et al.  Physiological effects of a conducted electrical weapon on human subjects. , 2007, Annals of emergency medicine.

[11]  D. Panescu Design and Medical Safety of Neuromuscular Incapacitation Devices [Emerging Technologies] , 2007, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.

[12]  T. Chan,et al.  Cardiac Monitoring of Human Subjects Exposed to the Taser , 2007 .

[13]  David O. Martin,et al.  Do electrical stun guns (TASER-X26) affect the functional integrity of implantable pacemakers and defibrillators? , 2007, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[14]  V. D. Maio,et al.  Excited Delirium Syndrome: Cause of Death and Prevention , 2005 .

[15]  R. Moscati,et al.  Physiologic effects of prolonged conducted electrical weapon discharge in ethanol-intoxicated adults. , 2010, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[16]  L. Saxon,et al.  Taser‐Induced Rapid Ventricular Myocardial Capture Demonstrated by Pacemaker Intracardiac Electrograms , 2007, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[17]  Justin Ready,et al.  The TASER as a Less Lethal Force Alternative , 2007 .

[18]  J. Fisher,et al.  Clinical Evaluation of the Safety of Repetitive Intraoperative Defibrillation Threshold Testing , 1992, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[19]  R. Ideker,et al.  Can the Direct Cardiac Effects of the Electric Pulses Generated by the TASER X26 Cause Immediate or Delayed Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Normal Adults? , 2007, The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.

[20]  L. Geddes,et al.  Electrically produced artificial ventilation. , 1988, Medical instrumentation.

[21]  D Chandramohan,et al.  Effect of misclassification of causes of death in verbal autopsy: can it be adjusted? , 2001, International journal of epidemiology.

[22]  G. Biegelmeier,et al.  New considerations on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation for a.c.shocks at 50–60 Hz , 1980 .

[23]  M. Kroll,et al.  Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy: The Engineering-Clinical Interface , 2012, Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine.

[24]  Raouf Nakhleh,et al.  Recommendations for quality assurance and improvement in surgical and autopsy pathology. , 2006, Human pathology.

[25]  J. Miner,et al.  15-Second conducted electrical weapon exposure does not cause core temperature elevation in non-environmentally stressed resting adults. , 2008, Forensic science international.

[26]  J. Patrick Reilly,et al.  Standards and Rationale , 1998 .

[27]  F. Mollo,et al.  Reliability of death certifications for different types of cancer. An autopsy survey. , 1986, Pathology, research and practice.

[28]  W. Boyle,et al.  Acute effects of cocaine on catecholamines and cardiac electrophysiology in the conscious dog. , 1988, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[29]  O. Z. Roy,et al.  Intracardiac Catheter Fibrillation Thresholds as a Function of the Duration of 60 Hz Current and Electrode Area , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[30]  D. Dries,et al.  Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[31]  M. Kroll,et al.  Electronic control devices and the clinical milieu. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[32]  P. O'Carroll A consideration of the validity and reliability of suicide mortality data. , 1989, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[33]  M. Kroll,et al.  A very interesting case study involving a TASER Conducted Electrical Weapon (CEW) used on a patient with a pacemaker. , 2007, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[34]  H. Sabbah,et al.  The Effect of Cocaine on Ventricular Fibrillation Threshold in the Normal Canine Heart , 1996, Pharmacotherapy.

[35]  R A Malkin,et al.  Cardiovascular collapse caused by electrocardiographically silent 60-Hz intracardiac leakage current. Implications for electrical safety. , 1999, Circulation.

[36]  E. Downar,et al.  Cardiac electrophysiological consequences of neuromuscular incapacitating device discharges. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[37]  Arjun D. Sharma,et al.  Shock on T Versus Direct Current Voltage for Induction of Ventricular Fibrillation: , 2004, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[38]  J. Miner,et al.  Respiratory effect of prolonged electrical weapon application on human volunteers. , 2007, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[39]  J Jacobsen,et al.  [Experimental studies in pigs on mortality due to sinusoidal and phase-controlled alternating and rectified currents (author's transl)]. , 1975, Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering.

[40]  Summation and Inhibition by Ultrarapid Train Pulses in Dogs: Effects of Frequency and Duration of Trains, Lidocaine, and Beta Blockade , 1989, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[41]  H. Antoni PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION , 1985 .

[42]  T. Chan,et al.  Sudden Deaths In Custody , 2006 .

[43]  J. Miner,et al.  Echocardiographic evaluation of a TASER-X26 application in the ideal human cardiac axis. , 2008, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[44]  D. Lang,et al.  The Defibrillation Threshold , 1996 .

[45]  J. Ho,et al.  Deaths in Police Custody: An 8 Month Surveillance Study , 2005 .

[46]  B. G. King,et al.  Effect of Electric Shock on the Heart , 1936, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

[47]  Alexander L. Eastman,et al.  Conductive electrical devices: a prospective, population-based study of the medical safety of law enforcement use. , 2008, The Journal of trauma.

[48]  D. Panescu,et al.  Cardiac Current Density Distribution by Electrical Pulses from TASER devices , 2006, 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[49]  J. Ho,et al.  Confirmation of respiration during trapezial conducted electrical weapon application. , 2008, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[50]  T. Chan,et al.  Twelve-lead electrocardiogram monitoring of subjects before and after voluntary exposure to the Taser X26. , 2008, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[51]  R. Hanzlick Quality Assurance Review of Death Certificates: A Pilot Study , 2005, The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.

[52]  Brian P. Martin,et al.  204: Injury Profile of Electrical Conducted Energy Weapons , 2007 .

[53]  Cardiac Sensitivity to Electrical Stimulation , 1998 .

[54]  V. Hombach,et al.  Direct Current Application: Easy Induction of Ventricular Fibrillation for the Determination of the Defibrillation Threshold in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators , 1992, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[55]  Angelo Auricchio,et al.  Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation and Resynchronization Therapy , 2007 .

[56]  D. Panescu,et al.  Finite Element Modeling of Electric Field Effects of TASER Devices on Nerve and Muscle , 2006, 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[57]  G. Heusch,et al.  Static filling pressure in patients during induced ventricular fibrillation. , 2003, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[58]  Dhanunjaya R. Lakkireddy,et al.  Effects of cocaine intoxication on the threshold for stun gun induction of ventricular fibrillation. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[59]  R. Comstock,et al.  A comparison of two surveillance systems for deaths related to violent injury , 2005, Injury Prevention.

[60]  A. Schwartz,et al.  Electrophysiologic Effects of Cocaine on the Canine Ventricle , 1989, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[61]  B. G. King,et al.  Effect of electric shock on the heart , 1936, Electrical Engineering.