Enhancing West Nile Virus Surveillance, United States

We provide a method for constructing a county-level West Nile virus risk map to serve as an early warning system for human cases. We also demonstrate that mosquito surveillance is a more accurate predictor of human risk than monitoring dead and infected wild birds.

[1]  J. R. Landis,et al.  The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. , 1977, Biometrics.

[2]  Stephen C. Guptill,et al.  Early-Season Avian Deaths from West Nile Virus as Warnings of Human Infection , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[3]  A. Molli'e.  Bayesian mapping of disease , 1996 .

[4]  A. D. da Silva,et al.  Morphologic and molecular characterization of new Cyclospora species from Ethiopian monkeys: C. cercopitheci sp.n., C. colobi sp.n., and C. papionis sp.n. , 1999, Emerging infectious diseases.

[5]  D. Brillinger,et al.  The natural variability of vital rates and associated statistics. , 1986, Biometrics.

[6]  R. Lanciotti,et al.  Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. , 1999, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[7]  C Cernescu,et al.  West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania , 1998, The Lancet.

[8]  F. Mostashari,et al.  Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999. , 2001, Emerging infectious diseases.

[9]  N. Breslow,et al.  Approximate inference in generalized linear mixed models , 1993 .

[10]  Z. Hubálek,et al.  West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. , 1999, Emerging infectious diseases.

[11]  Sylvia Richardson,et al.  Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice , 1997 .

[12]  D. Clayton,et al.  Empirical Bayes estimates of age-standardized relative risks for use in disease mapping. , 1987, Biometrics.

[13]  K. Schmit,et al.  Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus. , 2001, Emerging infectious diseases.

[14]  From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control of West Nile virus infection--United States. , 2000, JAMA.

[15]  Michael W. Parker,et al.  Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. , 1999, Science.

[16]  Paho Bulletin.  Guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control of West Nile virus infection--United States. , 2018, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[17]  Peter Green,et al.  Markov chain Monte Carlo in Practice , 1996 .

[18]  H. S. Hurlbut.  West Nile virus infection in arthropods. , 1956, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.