Cognitive reality and the phonological lexicon: A review

Abstract What are phonological entries in the mental lexicon like? On the basis of rational argumentation, many phonologists believe them to be parsimonious articulatory specifications. I will review the neuroscience literature relating to phonological representation in the mental lexicon and the possible role of articulatory representations, and argue: (1) That there are probably not distinct mental lexicons for speech perception and production; (2) that entries in the lexicon are very probably auditory, and improbably articulatory; (3) that articulatory recoding takes place for certain difficult phonological tasks that possibly do not arise in normal speaking, such as phoneme monitoring and same/different judgements; (4) that the arguments from speech perception studies for articulatory representations in the lexicon are, furthermore, empirically weak, because a number of additional arguments from phonetics and phonology suggest that auditory classifications in some cases make more sense than articulatory ones.

[1]  M. Halle.  Some consequences of the representation of words in memory , 1997 .

[2]  Nikolaj Sergejevič Trubeckoj.  Grundzüge der Phonologie , 1989 .

[3]  Michael Kenstowicz,et al.  Phonology In Generative Grammar , 1994 .

[4]  H. Goodglass,et al.  Category Specific Dissociations in Naming and Recognition by Aphasic Patients , 1986, Cortex.

[5]  M. N. Goldstein.  Auditory agnosia for speech (“pure word-deafness”) , 1974 .

[6]  S. Maeda.  On articulatory and acoustic variabilities , 1991 .

[7]  D. Allport,et al.  Speech Production and Comprehension: One Lexicon or Two? , 1984 .

[8]  M. E. Raichle,et al.  PET Studies of Auditory and Phonological Processing: Effects of Stimulus Characteristics and Task Demands , 1995, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[9]  J. McCarthy.  The phonetics and phonology of Semitic pharyngeals , 1994 .

[10]  T. Olsen,et al.  Left-right cortical asymmetries of regional cerebral blood flow during listening to words. , 1982, Journal of neurophysiology.

[11]  W. Penfield,et al.  THE BRAIN'S RECORD OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL EXPERIENCE. A FINAL SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION. , 1963, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[12]  Eleanor M. Saffran,et al.  An analysis of speech perception in word deafness , 1976, Brain and Language.

[13]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge , 1996, Nature.

[14]  M. Halle,et al.  Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The Distinctive Features and Their Correlates , 1961 .

[15]  M. Alexander,et al.  Pure word deafness. Analysis of a case with bilateral lesions and a defect at the prephonemic level. , 1982, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[16]  S. Kohn,et al.  Evolution of impaired access to the phonological lexicon , 1994, Journal of Neurolinguistics.

[17]  B. Lindblom,et al.  Production of bite‐block vowels: Acoustic equivalence by selective compensation , 1980 .

[18]  Critique: articulatory-acoustic relations and their role in speech perception. , 1996, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[19]  A. Damasio,et al.  Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  A PET study of word finding , 1991, Neuropsychologia.

[21]  John J. Ohala,et al.  Consumer's guide to evidence in phonology , 1986, Phonology.

[22]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  The cortical localization of the lexicons. Positron emission tomography evidence. , 1992, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[23]  P. Ladefoged,et al.  Fundamental problems in phonetics , 1977 .

[24]  B. Lindblom,et al.  Role of articulation in speech perception: clues from production. , 1996, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[25]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. , 1992, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[26]  G. McCarthy,et al.  Echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging studies of frontal cortex activation during word generation in humans. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[27]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  The Sound Pattern of English , 1968 .

[28]  G. Ojemann,et al.  Dissociation of Cortical and Single Unit Activity in Spoken and Signed Languages , 1993, Brain and Language.

[29]  R. Nosofsky.  Exemplar-Based Accounts of Relations Between Classification, Recognition, and Typicality , 1988 .

[30]  W. Marslen-Wilson.  Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition , 1987, Cognition.

[31]  Brain cerebral metabolic mapping of normal and abnormal language and its acquisition during development. , 1988, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[32]  T. Shallice,et al.  Category specific semantic impairments , 1984 .

[33]  Sylvain Bromberger.  Why phonology is different , 1989 .

[34]  J. Hodges,et al.  Generating ‘tiger’ as an animal name or a word beginning with T: differences in brain activation , 1996, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[35]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Trading relations between tongue-body raising and lip rounding in production of the vowel /u/: a pilot "motor equivalence" study. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[36]  R. Kay.  Hearing of modulation in sounds. , 1982, Physiological reviews.

[37]  K. Stevens,et al.  Feature geometry and the vocal tract , 1994, Phonology.

[38]  A. Liberman,et al.  The motor theory of speech perception revised , 1985, Cognition.

[39]  David Caplan,et al.  The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: Evidence from patients with apraxia of speech ☆ , 1992 .

[40]  J. Risberg,et al.  Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Sign Language Users , 1993, Brain and Language.

[41]  P. Strick,et al.  Functional mapping of motor in and near Broca's area , 1996, NeuroImage.

[42]  J. Ohala,et al.  Speech perception is hearing sounds, not tongues. , 1994, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[43]  E. Skinhøj,et al.  Variations in regional cortical blood flow in the right and left hemispheres during automatic speech. , 1978, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[44]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Dissociation of Storage and Rehearsal in Verbal Working Memory: Evidence From Positron Emission Tomography , 1996 .

[45]  Patricia K. Kuhl,et al.  Infants' perception and representation of speech: development of a new theory , 1992, ICSLP.

[46]  A M Liberman,et al.  Perception of the speech code. , 1967, Psychological review.

[47]  W. Levelt,et al.  Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary? , 1994, Cognition.

[48]  Functional MRI of the cerebellum during voluntary hand and foot movement with multislice EPI , 1996, NeuroImage.

[49]  J. Jaeger.  A POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERB MORPHOLOGY IN ENGLISH , 1996 .

[50]  Lyle Campbell,et al.  Phonological Features: Problems and Proposals. , 1974 .

[51]  Louis Goldstein,et al.  Articulatory gestures as phonological units , 1989, Phonology.

[52]  Douglas L. Hintzman,et al.  "Schema Abstraction" in a Multiple-Trace Memory Model , 1986 .

[53]  J. Fiez.  Phonology, Semantics, and the Role of the Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex , 2022 .

[54]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Distribution of cortical neural networks involved in word comprehension and word retrieval. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[55]  K Ugurbil,et al.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging of Broca's area during internal speech. , 1993, Neuroreport.

[56]  M. Just,et al.  Brain Activation Modulated by Sentence Comprehension , 1996, Science.

[57]  Grzegorz Dogil,et al.  Selective phonological impairment: a case of apraxia of speech , 1998, Phonology.

[58]  A Capdevila,et al.  Frontal lobe activation during word generation studied by functional MRI , 1996, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[59]  E. Bullmore,et al.  Activation of auditory cortex during silent lipreading. , 1997, Science.

[60]  E. Bullmore,et al.  Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. , 1997, The American journal of psychiatry.

[61]  M. Studdert-Kennedy,et al.  Identification of Consonants and Vowels Presented to Left and Right Ears* , 1967, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[62]  P. Ladefoged,et al.  The sounds of the world's languages , 1996 .

[63]  E. Warrington,et al.  Categories of knowledge. Further fractionations and an attempted integration. , 1987, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[64]  R S Frackowiak,et al.  A PET study of cognitive strategies in normal subjects during language tasks. Influence of phonetic ambiguity and sequence processing on phoneme monitoring. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[65]  B. Lindblom.  Phonetic Universals in Vowel Systems , 1986 .

[66]  H. Sussman,et al.  An investigation of locus equations as a source of relational invariance for stop place categorization , 1991 .

[67]  J. Morton.  The status of information processing models of language , 1981 .

[68]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  PET studies of phonetic processing of speech: review, replication, and reanalysis. , 1996, Cerebral cortex.

[69]  Richard D. Hichwa,et al.  A neural basis for lexical retrieval , 1996, Nature.

[70]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Discrete Cortical Regions Associated with Knowledge of Color and Knowledge of Action , 1995, Science.

[71]  S. Petersen,et al.  Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. A single case study. , 1992, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[72]  P. T. Fox,et al.  Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing , 1988, Nature.

[73]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory , 1993, Nature.

[74]  Mohamad Mrayati,et al.  Distinctive regions and modes: a new theory of speech production , 1988, Speech Commun..

[75]  P. Frank,et al.  Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , 1968 .

[76]  James Lubker,et al.  Formant frequencies of some fixed-mandible vowels and a model of speech motor programming by predictive simulation , 1979 .

[77]  J. Bower,et al.  Cerebellum Implicated in Sensory Acquisition and Discrimination Rather Than Motor Control , 1996, Science.