Recent results on the application of electron cyclotron heating to tokamaks

Many experiments using Electron Cyclotron Heating (ECH) of plasmas in tokamaks have been reported over the past several years. At a power level of 4 MW, ECH has achieved electron temperatures as high as 10 keV in the T-10 tokamak, and the H-mode has been attained in divertor discharges in DIII-D and JFT-2M. Regarding global energy confinement in either L-mode or Hmode, ECH appears to be quite similar in efficiency to neutral injection, but in addition to bulk heating it has been useful for many purposes, including study of local electron heat diffusivity through pulse-modulated heating; suppression of sawteeth, Edge Localized Modes, and other MHD activity; suppression of disruptions; preionization and startup; and current drive. In this paper, progress in these areas which has been reported since the IAEA meeting in 1986 will be summarized.

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