Determination of the global material economy (GME) of synthesis sequences—a green chemistry metric to evaluate the greenness of products

Evaluating the greenness of a product is a social, economical and scientific challenge in chemistry. Green metrics in terms of mass can be determined from the characteristics of all the reactions involved in the total synthesis of the product. In this work we propose a new paradigm to determine the global material economy of the whole sequence. We have demonstrated that this key metric is directly proportional to the global atom economy of the corresponding total synthesis. The mathematical algorithm to calculate the global material economy can be applied to any process, whatever the number of the points of convergence in the synthesis, allowing the determination, in terms of mass, of the greenness of a product with respect to all the starting materials involved in the total synthesis.

[1]  Concepción Jiménez-González,et al.  Evaluating the "greenness" of chemical processes and products in the pharmaceutical industry--a green metrics primer. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[2]  David J. C. Constable,et al.  Metrics to ‘green’ chemistry—which are the best? , 2002 .

[3]  F. G. Calvo-Flores Sustainable chemistry metrics. , 2009, ChemSusChem.

[4]  Phil S. Baran,et al.  The economies of synthesis. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[5]  Jacques Augé,et al.  A new rationale of reaction metrics for green chemistry. Mathematical expression of the environmental impact factor of chemical processes , 2008 .

[6]  Joseph G. Acker FROM THE EDITOR: It's Not Easy Being GreenThis guest editorial is by Joseph G. Acker, president and chief executive officer of the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association , 2007 .

[7]  Michael Freemantle,et al.  Scaled-up synthesis of discodermolide , 2004 .

[8]  Faisal Khan,et al.  E-Green − A Robust Risk-Based Environmental Assessment Tool for Process Industries , 2007 .

[9]  Peter J Dunn,et al.  The importance of green chemistry in process research and development. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[10]  Alan D. Curzons,et al.  So you think your process is green, how do you know?—Using principles of sustainability to determine what is green–a corporate perspective , 2001 .

[11]  Marco Eissen,et al.  Environmental performance metrics for daily use in synthetic chemistry. , 2002, Chemistry.

[12]  Phil S Baran,et al.  Aiming for the ideal synthesis. , 2010, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[13]  Ian Paterson,et al.  Large-Scale Synthesis of the Anti-Cancer Marine Natural Product (+)-Discodermolide. Part 5: Linkage of Fragments C1-6 and C7-24 and Finale , 2004 .

[14]  Paul Anastas,et al.  Green chemistry: principles and practice. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[15]  B. Trost,et al.  The atom economy--a search for synthetic efficiency. , 1991, Science.

[16]  Paul T Anastas,et al.  The transformative innovations needed by green chemistry for sustainability. , 2009, ChemSusChem.

[17]  Concepción Jiménez-González,et al.  Using the Right Green Yardstick: Why Process Mass Intensity Is Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry To Drive More Sustainable Processes , 2011 .

[18]  Paul T. Anastas,et al.  Introduction: Green chemistry , 2007 .

[19]  Roger A. Sheldon,et al.  The E Factor: fifteen years on , 2007 .

[20]  Alexei Lapkin,et al.  Framework for evaluating the "greenness" of chemical processes: case studies for a novel VOC recovery technology. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  John Andraos,et al.  Unification of Reaction Metrics for Green Chemistry: Applications to Reaction Analysis , 2005 .

[22]  H. Noorman,et al.  Key Green Engineering Research Areas for Sustainable Manufacturing: A Perspective from Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemicals Manufacturers , 2011 .