Fast Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques

New hardware and software allow for increased magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) speed. This speed is crucial for MRI of the fetus, where motion degrades image quality. Single-shot sequences such as echo-planar and single-shot fast spin echo now are practical with most clinical scanners. This article reviews and illustrates the physics of fast magnetic resonance sequences.

[1]  J Listerud,et al.  First principles of fast spin echo. , 1992, Magnetic resonance quarterly.

[2]  M Takahashi,et al.  Characterization of focal liver lesions with half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo‐spin‐echo (HASTE) and inversion recovery (IR)‐HASTE sequences , 1998, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[3]  P. Mansfield,et al.  Estimation of Fetal Lung Volume Using Echo‐Planar Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 1994, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[4]  R R Edelman,et al.  Fetal fast MR imaging: reproducibility, technical quality, and conspicuity of anatomy. , 1998, Radiology.

[5]  P. Mansfield,et al.  BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL IMAGING BY NMR , 1979 .

[6]  F. W. Smith,et al.  NMR IMAGING IN PREGNANCY , 1983, The Lancet.

[7]  P. Roemer,et al.  The NMR phased array , 1990, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[8]  T W Lowe,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging in obstetric diagnosis. , 1985, Radiology.

[9]  D Henrich,et al.  Cardiac and vascular imaging with an MR snapshot technique. , 1990, Radiology.

[10]  J Listerud,et al.  Fast spin-echo imaging of the brain and spine. , 1993, Magnetic resonance quarterly.

[11]  R. Bowtell,et al.  In vivo relaxation time measurements in the human placenta using echo planar imaging at 0.5 T. , 1998, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[12]  M Takahashi,et al.  MR imaging of the fetus by a HASTE sequence. , 1997, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[13]  W. Hinshaw,et al.  Image formation by nuclear magnetic resonance: The sensitive‐point method , 1976 .

[14]  S. Patz,et al.  The application of steady‐state free precession to the study of very slow fluid flow , 1986, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[15]  A. Haase,et al.  Snapshot flash mri. applications to t1, t2, and chemical‐shift imaging , 1990, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[16]  B. I. Choi,et al.  MR cholangiopancreatography: comparison between half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo and two-dimensional turbo spin-echo pulse sequences , 1998, Abdominal Imaging.

[17]  R R Edelman,et al.  Fetal anatomy revealed with fast MR sequences. , 1996, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[18]  Study of internal structure of the human fetus in utero by echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging. , 1990, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[19]  P. Mansfield,et al.  Fetal weight estimation by echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging , 1994, The Lancet.

[20]  P. Gowland,et al.  Assessment of fetal lung growth in utero with echo-planar MR imaging. , 1999, Radiology.

[21]  A S Garden,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in obstetrics. II. Fetal anatomy , 1988, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[22]  J Hennig,et al.  Clinical applications and methodological developments of the RARE technique. , 1988, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[23]  M Heller,et al.  Kinematic MR imaging of the ankle — initial results with ultra-fast sequence imaging , 1997, Acta radiologica.

[24]  J. Hogg Magnetic resonance imaging. , 1994, Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service.

[25]  F. Regan,et al.  Fast MR imaging and the detection of small-bowel obstruction. , 1998, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[26]  D. Mattison,et al.  MR imaging in high-risk obstetric patients: a valuable complement to US. , 1992, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[27]  L. Schwartz,et al.  Comparison of phased-array and body coils for MR imaging of liver. , 1997, Clinical radiology.