Routing Protocols for Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network consists of a number of sensors spreading across a geographical area to perform distributed sensing tasks using wireless medium. In order to facilitate data transfer from a source node to a destination (sink) node, a routing protocol is needed to determine the possible routes. With a limited power supply, sensor nodes are deployed densely and prone to failures. As a result, many traditional ad-hoc routing protocols may not be suitable for large-scale, dense sensor networks. Recently, studies in routing protocols in sensor networks have become a very active and vital area of research. Sensor routing algorithms must be energy efficient, robust to failures, and secure against the compromised and malicious nodes to ensure correct data delivery. In general, the routing protocols can be classified into two categories based on the network structure: flat and cluster-based routing. This paper describes the current routing protocols for sensor networks and examines their characteristics and functionality. The advantages and drawbacks for these routing protocols are provided as well.

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