Imaging axonal transport of mitochondria.

Neuronal mitochondria need to be transported and distributed in axons and dendrites in order to ensure an adequate energy supply and provide sufficient Ca(2+) buffering in each portion of these highly extended cells. Errors in mitochondrial transport are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present useful tools to analyze axonal transport of mitochondria both in vitro in cultured rat neurons and in vivo in Drosophila larval neurons. These methods enable investigators to take advantage of both systems to study the properties of mitochondrial motility under normal or pathological conditions.

[1]  Changan Jiang,et al.  Drosophila pink1 is required for mitochondrial function and interacts genetically with parkin , 2006, Nature.

[2]  C. Helfrich-Förster,et al.  Targeted ablation of CCAP neuropeptide-containing neurons of Drosophila causes specific defects in execution and circadian timing of ecdysis behavior , 2003, Development.

[3]  Christopher J McDermott,et al.  Hereditary spastic paraparesis: Disrupted intracellular transport associated with spastin mutation , 2003, Annals of neurology.

[4]  C. Overly,et al.  Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons. , 1996, Journal of cell science.

[5]  Xinnan Wang,et al.  Drosophila spichthyin inhibits BMP signaling and regulates synaptic growth and axonal microtubules , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[6]  G. Boulianne,et al.  Green fluorescent protein as a vital marker and reporter of gene expression in Drosophila. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  Stephen J. Smith,et al.  Mitochondria and release at hippocampal synapses , 2003, Pflügers Archiv.

[8]  Ian J. Reynolds,et al.  MitoTracker labeling in primary neuronal and astrocytic cultures: influence of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidants , 2001, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[9]  P. Hollenbeck,et al.  Axonal transport of mitochondria along microtubules and F-actin in living vertebrate neurons , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[10]  E. Seeberg,et al.  Mutant Huntingtin Impairs Axonal Trafficking in Mammalian Neurons In Vivo and In Vitro , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[11]  Tony Pawson,et al.  Modification of the Creator recombination system for proteomics applications – improved expression by addition of splice sites , 2006, BMC biotechnology.

[12]  E. Mandelkow,et al.  Missorting of Tau in Neurons Causes Degeneration of Synapses That Can Be Rescued by the Kinase MARK2/Par-1 , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[13]  C. Wegener,et al.  Neurotransmitter‐induced changes in the intracellular calcium concentration suggest a differential central modulation of CCAP neuron subsets in Drosophila , 2007, Developmental neurobiology.

[14]  A. Pestronk,et al.  Altered Axonal Mitochondrial Transport in the Pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease from Mitofusin 2 Mutations , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[15]  P. Wipf,et al.  Targeting mitochondria. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[16]  Priyanka Tiwari,et al.  Acute Impairment of Mitochondrial Trafficking by β-Amyloid Peptides in Hippocampal Neurons , 2006, Journal of Neuroscience.

[17]  W. Saxton,et al.  Kinesin mutations cause motor neuron disease phenotypes by disrupting fast axonal transport in Drosophila. , 1996, Genetics.

[18]  P. Hollenbeck,et al.  Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Regulates Motility and Docking of Axonal Mitochondria , 2004, Current Biology.

[19]  P. Hollenbeck,et al.  Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons: the role of growth factor signaling , 2003, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[20]  Xinnan Wang,et al.  The Mechanism of Ca2+-Dependent Regulation of Kinesin-Mediated Mitochondrial Motility , 2009, Cell.

[21]  Mark P Mattson,et al.  Alzheimer's Presenilin 1 Mutations Impair Kinesin-Based Axonal Transport , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[22]  I. Meinertzhagen,et al.  Axonal Transport of Mitochondria to Synapses Depends on Milton, a Novel Drosophila Protein , 2002, Neuron.

[23]  L. Wrabetz,et al.  Disruption of Mtmr2 produces CMT4B1-like neuropathy with myelin outfolding and impaired spermatogenesis , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[24]  J. Mcleod,et al.  Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. , 1973, Proceedings of the Australian Association of Neurologists.

[25]  C. Lively,et al.  Kinesin-1 and Dynein are the primary motors for fast transport of mitochondria in Drosophila motor axons. , 2006, Molecular biology of the cell.

[26]  Richard G. Brusch,et al.  Disruption of Axonal Transport by Loss of Huntingtin or Expression of Pathogenic PolyQ Proteins in Drosophila , 2003, Neuron.

[27]  N. Perrimon,et al.  Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. , 1993, Development.

[28]  D. V. Vactor,et al.  Direct Observation Demonstrates that Liprin-α Is Required for Trafficking of Synaptic Vesicles , 2005, Current Biology.

[29]  S. Kaech,et al.  Culturing hippocampal neurons , 2006, Nature Protocols.

[30]  D. Edelman,et al.  Serotonin stimulates mitochondrial transport in hippocampal neurons , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[31]  I. Reynolds,et al.  Mitochondrial Trafficking to Synapses in Cultured Primary Cortical Neurons , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[32]  E. Rugarli,et al.  Axonal degeneration in paraplegin-deficient mice is associated with abnormal mitochondria and impairment of axonal transport. , 2004, The Journal of clinical investigation.