Effects of Migration on Sending Countries: What Do We Know? OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 250.

This report evaluates the evidence on how migration may promote or hinder development in countries of origin, and explores possible win-win solutions for both sending and receiving countries. The analysis of recent OECD data of foreign-born nationals into Europe documents the presence of multiple migration patterns and reveals that the EU lags significantly behind the United States in attracting highly-skilled migrants who originate mostly from Africa. Reviewing the analytical and empirical evidence on the economic and social costs and benefits of migration and remittances for sending countries reveals that migration can generate substantial direct and indirect gains for sending countries via employment generation, human capital accumulation, remittances, diaspora networks and return migration. Policy coherence across various policies including migration, trade, investment and development cooperation can augment these gains. Major challenges for EU policymaking to maximise the gains from migration for both sending and receiving countries could include better management of migration and human resources, smart visa policies to facilitate circular migration and greater synergies between migration and development assistance programmes in the context of poverty reduction strategy initiatives. Comment les migrations peuvent-elles favoriser ou faire obstacle au developpement dans les pays d’origine ? Ce rapport explore les solutions qui pourraient etre gagnantes a la fois pour les pays d’envoi et d’accueil. L’analyse des donnees recentes de l’OCDE sur les ressortissants etrangers en Europe rend compte de l’existence de nombreux facteurs de migration. Elle demontre que l’Europe est sensiblement en retard par rapport aux Etats-Unis pour attirer des migrants hautement qualifies, principalement originaires d’Afrique. Les preuves analytiques et empiriques des couts et des benefices economiques et sociaux provoques par les migrations ainsi que des transferts de fonds des pays revelent que les migrations peuvent generer des gains substantiels directs et indirects pour les pays via les creations d’emploi, l’accumulation de capital, les transferts de fonds, les reseaux de dispersion et les retours de migrations. Pour augmenter ces gains, il faut une coherence entre les nombreuses politiques qui touchent aux migrations, au commerce, a l’investissement et a la cooperation pour le developpement. Les principaux defis des politiques europeennes pour maximiser les gains des migrations pour les pays d’origine et d’accueil pourraient ainsi passer par une meilleure gestion des ressources humaines, par des politiques de visa intelligentes en vue de faciliter les migrations circulaires et par une meilleure synergie entre les migrations et les programmes d’aide au developpement, et ce dans le cadre des initiatives prises autour de la strategie actuelle de reduction de la pauvrete.

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