DRES Chemical Warfare Agent Literature Database of Analytical Methods

Abstract : Defence Research Establishment Suffield (DRES) is actively involved in the development and evaluation of new analytical methods for the detection and identification of chemical warfare agents, their degradation products and related compounds. These methods are used for the analysis of samples collected in support of the Canadian Forces and have application in arms control verification. DRES analytical methods are published regularly in the open literature along with the methods developed by others involved in chemical warfare agent sample preparation and analysis. DRES retains printed copies of all publications in the database and regularly updates the bibliographic information from these papers into Procite, a computer searchable bibliographic database program. The DRES Chemical Warfare Agent Literature Database of Analytical Methods contains bibliographic information for more than 260 publications, and is available on request in hardcopy form or as a Procite, Word or Wordperfect file.

[1]  D. Noort,et al.  Verification of exposure to sulfur mustard in two casualties of the Iran-Iraq conflict. , 1997, Journal of analytical toxicology.

[2]  L. D. de Jong,et al.  Stabilization and gas chromatographic analysis of the four stereoisomers of 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) in rat blood. , 1985, Analytical biochemistry.

[3]  J. Nowicki.  Analysis of Chemical Protection Sprays by Gas Chromatography/mass Spectroscopy , 1982 .

[4]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Gas chromatographic retention indices of sulfur vesicants and related compounds. , 1988, Journal of chromatography.

[5]  D. Rohrbaugh,et al.  Detection of alkyl methylphosphonic acids in complex matrices by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry , 1998 .

[6]  E. Peuler,et al.  Bioaccumulation of chemical markers as a means for the field detection and verification of organophosphorus warfare agents. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[7]  D. Barceló,et al.  Temperature and extraction voltage effect on fragmentation of organophosphorus pesticides in liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry , 1998 .

[8]  R. Black,et al.  THE CHEMISTRY OF 1,1′-THIOBIS(2-CHLOROETHANE) (SULPHUR MUSTARD) PART II.1 THE SYNTHESIS OF SOME CONJUGATES WITH CYSTEINE, N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AND N-ACETYLCYSTEINE METHYL ESTER , 1992 .

[9]  J. Hancock,et al.  Analysis of O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX) and its degradation products by packed capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[10]  George R. Famini,et al.  Using theoretical descriptions in structure activity relationships: retention indices of sulfur vesicants and related compounds , 1996 .

[11]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Microcolumn liquid chromatography with thermionic detection of the enantiomers of O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX) , 1994 .

[12]  A. Hulst,et al.  Identification of two metabolites of the cholinesterase reactivator HI‐6 isolated from rat urine , 1987, The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.

[13]  M. Nagao,et al.  Detection of the sarin hydrolysis product in formalin-fixed brain tissues of victims of the Tokyo subway terrorist attack. , 1998, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[14]  J. A. Tørnes.  Identification of Some Alkyl Methylphosphonic Acids by Thermospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry , 1996 .

[15]  S. Sass,et al.  Qualitative thin-layer chromatography of some irritants. , 1969, Analytical chemistry.

[16]  J. Hancock,et al.  Retention index monitoring of compounds of chemical defence interest using thermal desorption gas chromatography , 1991 .

[17]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Capillary column ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents and simulants , 1986 .

[18]  H. Allen,et al.  The environmental fate of organophosphorus nerve agents: A review , 1995 .

[19]  J. Delmore,et al.  Detection of alkylmethylphosphonic acids on leaf surfaces by static secondary ion mass spectrometry , 1995 .

[20]  R. C. Malhotra,et al.  Solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of sulphur mustard in blood. , 1994, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[21]  H. Durst,et al.  Detection of the chemical warfare agents bis-(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine (HN-1) and tris-(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN-3) in air. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[22]  S. Smith.  Detection methods for highly toxic organophosphonates A literature survey. , 1983, Talanta.

[23]  Gerhard Matz,et al.  Hand-portable gas-detector array (GDA) for rapid field detection and identification of chemical threat , 2000 .

[24]  L. Hoffland,et al.  Determination of chemical warfare agent degradation products at low-part-per-billion levels in aqueous samples and sub-part-per-million levels in soils using capillary electrophoresis. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  E. Braue,et al.  CIRCLE CELL® FT-IR Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents in Aqueous Solutions , 1990 .

[26]  Paul A. D'Agostino,et al.  Determination of chemical warfare agents, their hydrolysis products and related compounds in soil , 1992 .

[27]  J. Schlager,et al.  Gas chromatographic separation of the stereoisomers of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents using cyclodextrin capillary columns , 1996 .

[28]  R. Read,et al.  Application of liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry, to the analysis and identification of degradation products of chemical warfare agents , 1997 .

[29]  Risto Kostiainen,et al.  Identification of degradation products of some chemical warfare agents by capillary electrophoresis—ionspray mass spectrometry , 1993 .

[30]  W. R. Creasy.  Postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for detection of chemical-weapons-related compounds , 1999 .

[31]  P. A. D'Agostino,et al.  Mass spectrometric identification of products formed during degradation of ethyl dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (tabun) , 1992 .

[32]  E. Kenndler,et al.  Optimal selection of gas chromatographic columns for the analytical control of chemical warfare agents by application of information theory to retention data , 1993 .

[33]  H. Benschop,et al.  New method for retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorus anticholinesterases: application to alleged sarin victims of Japanese terrorists. , 1997, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[34]  R. Bannard,et al.  A rapid, sensitive, gas-liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide collected from air in hydrocarbon solvents , 1973 .

[35]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Capillary column isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry of mustard and related compounds. , 1988, Biomedical & environmental mass spectrometry.

[36]  H. Lakso,et al.  Determination of Chemical Warfare Agents in Natural Water Samples by Solid-Phase Microextraction , 1997 .

[37]  Myriam Taverna,et al.  Determination of alkylphosphonic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis using indirect UV detection , 1993 .

[38]  A. Tambuté,et al.  SFE of an Organophosphorous Compound from Soils with Capillary GC Analysis , 1995 .

[39]  R. Ketola,et al.  Identification of nerve agents and their homologues and dialkyl methylphosphonates by gas chromatography/fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC-FTIR) , 1994 .

[40]  M. Riekkola,et al.  Analysis of chemical warfare agents in soil samples by off-line supercritical fluid extraction and capillary gas chromatography , 1991 .

[41]  J. Hancock,et al.  Packed capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry analysis of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[42]  R. Barak,et al.  Liquid secondary ion mass spectra and fast atom bombardment mass spectra of diquaternary pyridinium oxime salts , 1995 .

[43]  C E Kientz,et al.  Chromatography and mass spectrometry of chemical warfare agents, toxins and related compounds: state of the art and future prospects. , 1998, Journal of chromatography. A.

[44]  E. Michiels,et al.  Assay of the nerve agent Soman in serum by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection and splitless injection , 1984 .

[45]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Analysis of irritants by capillary column gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry , 1995 .

[46]  R. C. Malhotra,et al.  Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of some irritants , 1982 .

[47]  J. Steinhanses,et al.  Thermal desorption—gas chromatography of some organophosphates and S-mustard after trapping on Tenax , 1990 .

[48]  M. Tatsuno,et al.  On-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-continuous flow frit fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric and tandem mass spectrometric determination of hydrolysis products of nerve agents alkyl methylphosphonic acids by p-bromophenacyl derivatization. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[49]  W. Ng,et al.  In-situ derivatisation of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[50]  A. Auge,et al.  Application of two-dimensional 1H-31P inverse NMR spectroscopy to the detection of trace amounts of organophosphorus compounds related to the chemical weapons convention , 1997 .

[51]  Aviv Amirav,et al.  Fast GC‐PFPD system for field analysis of chemical warfare agents , 2000 .

[52]  Vesa M.A. Häkkinen,et al.  Analysis of chemical warfare agents in water by solid phase extraction and two‐channel capillary gas chromatography , 1991 .

[53]  Y. Inoue,et al.  Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of arsenic compounds using the electrospray ionization with postcolumn addition of methanol , 1999 .

[54]  R. Read,et al.  Biological fate of sulphur mustard: identification of valine and histidine adducts in haemoglobin from casualties of sulphur mustard poisoning. , 1997, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[55]  D. Hercules,et al.  Laser mass spectrometry of diquaternary ammonium salts , 1984 .

[56]  L. Leadbeater,et al.  Ortho-chlorobenzylmalononitrile: a metabolite formed from ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS). , 1973, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[57]  V. Borrett,et al.  The Electrospray Mass Spectra of Phosphoric Acid, Methylphosphonic Acid and its Alkyl Esters, and Their Complexes with Alkali and Alkali Earth Metal Ions , 1995 .

[58]  W. Fowler,et al.  Gas chromatographic determination of the lewisite hydrolysate, 2-chlorovinylarsonous acid, after derivatization with 1,2-ethanedithiol , 1991 .

[59]  B. Tomkins,et al.  Determination of small dialkyl organophosphonates at microgram/l concentrations in contaminated groundwaters using multiple extraction membrane disks , 1996 .

[60]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  Analysis of soman and sarin in blood utilizing a sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. , 1985, Journal of chromatography.

[61]  D. Barceló.  Application of thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for determination of organophosphorus pesticides and trialkyl and triaryl phosphates. , 1988, Biomedical & environmental mass spectrometry.

[62]  D. Noort,et al.  Quantitative analysis of O-isopropyl methylphosphonic acid in serum samples of Japanese citizens allegedly exposed to sarin: estimation of internal dosage , 1998, Archives of Toxicology.

[63]  D. Reutter,et al.  Analysis of alkyl methylphosphonic acids in aqueous matrices by ion-pair reversed-phase ion chromatography , 1987 .

[64]  D. L. Rossman,et al.  SYNTHESIS AND MASS SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DIISOPROPYLAMINO-ETHANETHIOL, -SULFIDES AND -DISULFIDES AND VINYL SULFIDES , 1999 .

[65]  P. Brooks,et al.  Capillary column gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and gas chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry detection of chemical warfare agents in a complex airborne matrix , 1990 .

[66]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Capillary column electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric and gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of mustard hydrolysis products , 1993 .

[67]  R. Vaidyanathaswamy,et al.  Mass spectrometric identification of methyl phosphonic acid: the hydrolysis product of isopropyl methyl phosphonofluoridate and pinacolyl methyl phosphonofluoridate , 1992 .

[68]  R. W. Warren,et al.  Atomic emission detection for the quantitation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of chemical-warfare-agent related compounds in environmental samples , 1995 .

[69]  R. Read,et al.  Biological fate of sulphur mustard: in vitro alkylation of human haemoglobin by sulphur mustard. , 1997, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[70]  J. Hancock,et al.  Analysis of mustard hydrolysis products by packed capillary liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry , 1998 .

[71]  Barry R. Williams,et al.  Identification of chemical-weapons-related compounds in decontamination solutions and other matrices by multiple chromatographic techniques , 1997 .

[72]  M. Kokko.  Effect of variations in gas chromatographic-conditions on the linear retention indices of selected chemical warfare agents , 1993 .

[73]  W. R. Jones,et al.  Separation of chemical warfare agent degradation products by the reversal of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[74]  R. C. Malhotra,et al.  Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Sulphur Mustard in Water , 1993 .

[75]  R. Read,et al.  Improved methodology for the detection and quantitation of urinary metabolites of sulphur mustard using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[76]  H. Tsuchihashi,et al.  Determination of alkylmethylphosphonic acids, the main metabolites of organophosphorus nerve agents, in biofluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid-liquid-solid-phase-transfer-catalyzed pentafluorobenzylation. , 1999, Journal of analytical toxicology.

[77]  J. E. Smith,et al.  Indirect determination of O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate in air at low concentrations. , 1989, Journal of chromatography.

[78]  R. Read,et al.  Rapid screening procedures for the hydrolysis products of chemical warfare agents using positive and negative ion liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[79]  A. König,et al.  Speciation of arsenic-containing chemical warfare agents by gas chromatographic analysis after derivatization with thioglycolic acid methyl ester , 1992 .

[80]  H. Durst,et al.  Micro-scale synthesis and in-situ spectroscopic characterization of some chemical weapons related organophosphonate compounds , 1998 .

[81]  V. Borrett,et al.  Verification of the United Nations Chemical Weapons Convention: the Application of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry , 1996 .

[82]  B. Tomkins,et al.  Analysis of methylphosphonic acid, ethyl methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid at low microgram per liter levels in groundwater. , 1997, Journal of chromatography. A.

[83]  B. W. Wright,et al.  Capillary electrophoretic separation of organophosphonic acids using borate esterification and direct UV detection , 1994 .

[84]  D. Rohrbaugh.  Methanol chemical ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry of O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX) and its degradation products. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[85]  R. Read,et al.  Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples, found to contain residues of the nerve agent sarin, sulphur mustard and their degradation products. , 1994, Journal of chromatography. A.

[86]  R. Read,et al.  Methods for the analysis of thiodiglycol sulphoxide, a metabolite of sulphur mustard, in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 1991, Journal of chromatography.

[87]  H. Jürling,et al.  Derivatization of 10-chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine (Adamsite) for gas chromatographic analysis , 1996 .

[88]  M. Nagao,et al.  Definitive evidence for the acute sarin poisoning diagnosis in the Tokyo subway. , 1997, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[89]  J. Mercier,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis separation of alkylphosphonic acid monoesters with indirect ultraviolet detection , 1997 .

[90]  B. A. Johnsen,et al.  Use of Solid-Phase Extraction in Determination of Chemical Warfare Agents: Part I Evaluation of the Solid-Phase Extraction Technique , 1991 .

[91]  J. Hancock,et al.  Solid Adsorbent Based System for the Sampling and Analysis of Organic Compounds in Air: An Application to Compounds of Chemical Defense Interest , 1991 .

[92]  H. Durst,et al.  Separation of sulfur containing chemical warfare related compounds in aqueous samples by micellar electrokinetic chromatography , 1995 .

[93]  H. Allen,et al.  Ion chromatographic separation of closely related nerve agent degradation products using an organic modifier to provide selectivity , 1994 .

[94]  G. A. Parker,et al.  Gas chromatographic methods for the analysis of trace quantities of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate and associated compounds, in situ and in decontamination effluent , 1982 .

[95]  A. Maisonneuve,et al.  Specific and sensitive quantitation of 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide (sulphur mustard) in water, plasma and blood: application to toxicokinetic study in the rat after intravenous intoxication. , 1992, Journal of chromatography.

[96]  H. Benschop,et al.  Gas Chromatography of Organophosphorus Compounds on Chiral Stationary Phases , 1987 .

[97]  A. Bhattacharya,et al.  MASS SPECTRAL IDENTIFICATION OF bis (2-CHLOROETHYL) SULFIDE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS , 1984 .

[98]  R. Martz,et al.  A Comparison of Ionization Techniques for Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Dye and Lachrymator Residues from Exploding Bank Security Devices , 1983 .

[99]  K. Ferslew,et al.  Spectral differentiation and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of the lacrimators 2-chloroacetophenone and o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. , 1986, Journal of forensic sciences.

[100]  A. Heyndrickx,et al.  Chromatographic procedures for the toxicological determination of bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide (mustard gas, yperite) in environmental and human biological samples. , 1984, Archives belges = Belgisch archief.

[101]  G. J. Jong,et al.  Verification of nonproduction of chemical warfare agents: I. Determination of organophosphorus compounds by microcolumn liquid chromatography with flame photometric or thermionic detection , 1992 .

[102]  A. Appelhans,et al.  Analysis of VX on soil particles using ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometry. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[103]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Determination of the sulfur mustard hydrolysis product thiodiglycol by microcolumn liquid chromatography coupled on-line with sulfur flame photometric detection using large-volume injections and peak compression. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[104]  J. Mercier,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis analysis of chemical warfare agent breakdown products. I. Counterelectroosmotic separation of alkylphosphonic acids and their monoester derivatives. , 1996, Journal of chromatography. A.

[105]  S. Hassan,et al.  Characterization and determination of benzalmalonitriles using infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry , 1984 .

[106]  P. Kolla,et al.  Detecting Hidden Explosives , 1995 .

[107]  W. Fite,et al.  Real-time detection of parts per trillion levels of chemical warfare agents in ambient air using atmospheric pressure ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry , 1991 .

[108]  H. Benschop,et al.  Assay of the chiral organophosphate, soman, in biological samples. , 1987, International journal of environmental analytical chemistry.

[109]  J. Langenberg,et al.  Semi-continuous high speed gas analysis of generated vapors of chemical warfare agents , 1999 .

[110]  H. Hill,et al.  Separation and identification of some chemical warfare degradation products using electrospray high resolution ion mobility spectrometry with mass selected detection , 2000 .

[111]  O. Uy,et al.  Polymer-based lanthanide luminescent sensor for detection of the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman in water. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[112]  E. M. Jakubowski,et al.  Liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry of mustard and its metabolites , 1995 .

[113]  C. A. Myler,et al.  Quantitative analysis of chemical warfare agent degradation products in reaction masses using capillary electrophoresis. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[114]  B. A. Johnsen,et al.  Gas chromatographic determination of methylphosphonic acids by methylation with trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide , 1989 .

[115]  J. Occolowitz,et al.  The Mass Spectrometry of Esters of Phosphorous and Phosphonic Acids. , 1963 .

[116]  A. S. Hansen,et al.  Identification of Mustard Related Compounds in Aqueous Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , 1989 .

[117]  Eeva-Liisa Tolppa,et al.  Detection of Trace Amounts of Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Compounds in Rubber, Paint, and Soil Samples by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR Spectroscopy , 1996 .

[118]  L. Fishbein,et al.  Gas chromatography of sulfur mustard and its analogs. , 1970, Journal of chromatography.

[119]  Dr. Sam C. M. Hui,et al.  Method for the analysis of the methylphosphonic acid metabolites of sarin and its ethanol-substituted analogue in urine as applied to the victims of the Tokyo sarin disaster. , 1997, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[120]  E. Bonierbale,et al.  Application of capillary gas chromatography to the study of hydrolysis of the nerve agent VX in rat plasma. , 1997, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[121]  W. M. Caldwell,et al.  Supercritical fluid extraction of chemical warfare agent simulants from soil. , 1992, Journal of chromatography.

[122]  H. Benschop,et al.  Nerve agent stereoisomers: analysis, isolation and toxicology , 1988 .

[123]  P. Brooks,et al.  Detection of sarin and soman in a complex airborne matrix by capillary column ammonia chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry , 1991 .

[124]  Hulst,et al.  Determination of hydrolysis products of sulfur mustards by reversed-phase microcolumn liquid chromatography coupled on-line with sulfur flame photometric detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using large-volume injections and peak compression , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[125]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Column liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: Selected techniques in environmental applications for polar pesticides and related compounds , 1995 .

[126]  Vesa M.A. Häkkinen,et al.  Identification of compounds relevant to the chemical weapons convention using selective gas chromatography detectors, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in an international trial proficiency test , 1996 .

[127]  H. Kenttämaa,et al.  Characterization and semiquantitative estimation of organophosphorus compounds based on inhibition of cholinesterases , 1989 .

[128]  A Mulchandani,et al.  Amperometric thick-film strip electrodes for monitoring organophosphate nerve agents based on immobilized organophosphorus hydrolase. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[129]  S. H. Kim,et al.  Plasma chromatography of phosphorus esters , 1977 .

[130]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Capillary column gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry verification of chemical warfare agents , 1992 .

[131]  D. Noort,et al.  Synthesis and mass spectrometric identification of the major amino acid adducts formed between sulphur mustard and haemoglobin in human blood , 1997, Archives of Toxicology.

[132]  Y. Seto,et al.  Efficiency of pretreatment of aqueous samples using a macroporous strong anion-exchange resin on the determination of nerve gas hydrolysis products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after tert.-butyldimethylsilylation. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[133]  S. Munavalli,et al.  Thin-layer chromatography of mustard and its metabolites. , 1988, Journal of chromatography.

[134]  A. Appelhans,et al.  Characterization of VX on concrete using ion trap secondary ionization mass spectrometry , 2000, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[135]  H. Lakso,et al.  Trace determination of alkyl methylphosphonic acids in environmental and biological samples using gas chromatography/negative‐ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry , 1995 .

[136]  R. Read,et al.  Detection of trace levels of thiodiglycol in blood, plasma and urine using gas chromatography-electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. , 1988, Journal of chromatography.

[137]  A Mulchandani,et al.  Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. 2. Fiber-optic microbial biosensor. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[138]  P. C. Bossle,et al.  Analysis of nerve agent degradation products using capillary ion electrophoresis , 1995 .

[139]  R. Bannard,et al.  An improved gas—liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide collected from air by solvent entrapment , 1974 .

[140]  Stephen E. Reichenbach,et al.  Chemical warfare agent detection in complex environments with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography , 2003, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[141]  W. R. Creasy,et al.  Multiple-technique analytical characterization of a mixture containing chemical-weapons simulant from a munition. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[142]  K. J. Hart,et al.  Design, development, and performance of a fieldable chemical and biological agent detector , 2000 .

[143]  A. Verweij,et al.  Gas chromatographic separation of diastereoisomeric alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates and related compounds , 1971 .

[144]  J. Purdon,et al.  Preparation, stability and quantitative analysis by gas chromatography and gas chromatography—electron impact mass spectrometry of tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of some alkylphosphonic and alkyl methylphoshonic acids , 1989 .

[145]  A. Cappiello,et al.  Enhanced detection sensitivity by large volume injection in reversed-phase micro-high-performance liquid chromatography , 1996 .

[146]  M. L. Shih,et al.  Determination of Toxic Organophosphorus Compounds by Specific and Nonspecific Detectors , 1986 .

[147]  G. Cassel,et al.  Enzyme-based microassay for accurate determination of soman in blood samples. , 1998, Analytical biochemistry.

[148]  R. Black,et al.  THE CHEMISTRY OF 1,1′-THIOBIS-(2-CHLOROETHANE) (SULPHUR MUSTARD) PART I. SOME SIMPLE DERIVATIVES , 1992 .

[149]  E. M. Jakubowski,et al.  Quantification of thiodiglycol in urine by electron ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 1990, Journal of chromatography.

[150]  D. Rohrbaugh.  Characterization of equimolar VX-water reaction product by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry , 1998 .

[151]  J. Santesson,et al.  Quantitation of free Soman in nervous tissue and blood. A preliminary communication. , 1981, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology.

[152]  E. Samcová,et al.  Determination of thiodiglycolic acid in urine by capillary electrophoresis. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[153]  David B. Cooper,et al.  Application of headspace analysis, solvent extraction, thermal desorption and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples containing sulphur mustard and related compounds , 1993 .

[154]  A. Bell,et al.  Fragmentation and reactions of organophosphate ions produced by electrospray ionization , 1997 .

[155]  A. Kaipainen,et al.  Identification of chemical warfare agent in air samples using capillary column gas chromatography with three simultaneous detectors , 1992 .

[156]  T. Logan,et al.  VERIFICATION OF LEWISITE EXPOSURE BY THE ANALYSIS OF 2-CHLOROVINYL ARSONOUS ACID IN URINE , 1999 .

[157]  R. Read,et al.  Analysis of degradation products of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents and related compounds by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry using electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation , 1998 .

[158]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Capillary column gas chromatography-ammonia and deuterated ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry of sulfur vesicants , 1992 .

[159]  D. Tripathi,et al.  Field desorption mass spectra of pyridinium oxime salts with rapidly heated emitter , 1984 .

[160]  V. Gresham,et al.  Detection of metabolites of toxic alkylmethylphosphonates in biological samples. , 1991, Biological mass spectrometry.

[161]  J. Kaaijk,et al.  Degradation of S‐2‐di‐isopropylaminoethyl O‐ethyl methylphosphonothioate in soil. Sulphur‐containing products , 1977 .

[162]  G. A. Parker,et al.  Structure-response relationship of gas chromatography-flame photometric detection to some organophosphorus compounds , 1980 .

[163]  V. Borrett,et al.  Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention: Mass Spectrometry of Alkyl Methylphosphonofluoridates , 1994 .

[164]  S. Sass,et al.  Thin-layer chromatography of some sulfur and nitrogen mustards , 1981 .

[165]  G. J. Jong,et al.  Verification of nonproduction of chemical warfare agents: II. Large volume injections in microcolumn liquid chromatography using flame photometric detection , 1992 .

[166]  J. Aldstadt,et al.  Determination of organoarsenicals in the environment by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 1998, Journal of chromatography. A.

[167]  S. Long,et al.  Chemical ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry of chemical warfare agent simulants using laser-produced metal ions. , 1990, Applied optics.

[168]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Identification of tabun impurities by combined capillary column gas chromatography—mass spectrometry , 1989 .

[169]  S. N. Pedersen,et al.  Liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry with variable fragmentor voltages gives simultaneous elemental and molecular detection of arsenic compounds. , 2000, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[170]  P. D'agostino,et al.  Capillary column gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of phosphate esters in the presence of interfering hydrocarbons , 1994 .

[171]  Yu-Chu Yang,et al.  Liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry of mustard-related sulfonium ions , 1997 .

[172]  H D Durst,et al.  Analysis of chemical weapons degradation products by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection. , 1995, Journal of capillary electrophoresis.

[173]  K. Sipponen.  Detector for organophosphorus compounds in liquid chromatography based on the cholinesterase inhibition reaction. , 1987, Journal of chromatography.

[174]  B. A. Johnsen,et al.  Use of Solid-Phase Extraction in Determination of Chemical Warfare Agents , 1991 .

[175]  S. Sass,et al.  Chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry of some organophosphonate compounds , 1979 .

[176]  D. Barceló,et al.  Characterization of organophosphorus compounds and phenylurea herbicides by positive and negative ion thermospray liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry , 1989 .

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