Recent progress in sustainable technologies for adsorptive and reactive removal of sulfonamides

Abstract The growing concerns over the environmental toxicity of sulfonamides (SNs) require immediate action to establish efficient and sustainable processes to address this issue. Adsorption, photodegradation and Fenton/Fenton-like reactions are the most applied processes to remove SNs. However, the adsorption behavior, degradation mechanisms and toxicity of intermediates need further investigation to guide engineering applications. The review focuses on the recent progress and challenges on adsorption, photodegradation and Fenton/Fenton-like techniques for SNs removal. In addition, influences of solution pH and matrix components on adsorption mechanisms are discussed. In particular, the degradation pathway of SNs and toxicity assessment of their intermediates are also analyzed. Finally, conclusions and research gaps in this field are briefly proposed. Publications on this topic have grown exponentially over the last decade. This review provides a unique and comprehensive environmental perspective, as well as the latest knowledge on SNs adsorption and reactive removal by different technologies.

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