Dialysis culture of microorganisms: design, theory, and results.

INTRODUCTION............................................................ 1 DESIGN AND APPARATUS .................................................. 2 Membrane Dialysis Culture................................................... 2 Interface Dialysis Culture ............... ..................................... 6 Colonial Growth with Dialysis ................................................ 8 Methods of Operation ....................................................... 9 Types of Membranes........................................................ 10 Membrane Permeability and Solute Sieving ........ ............................. 11 Membrane Penetrability by Microorganisms .................................... 12 THEORY................................................................. 14 Principles of Dialysis........................................................ 14 Membrane characteristics................................................... 14 Measurement of permeability............................................... 15 Porosity................................................................. 15 Hydrodynamics............................................................ 17 Osmosis................................................................. 18 Growth in Dialysis Culture................................................... 19 Basic considerations ....................................................... 19 Completely continuous operation............................................. 20 Completely batch operation................................................. 25 Batch fermentor, continuous reservoir operation.............................. 28 Continuous fermentor, batch reservoir operation................................ 29 Product Formation in Dialysis Culture.......................................... 29 Basic considerations ....................................................... 29 Completely continuous operation............................................. 30 Batch operations.......................................................... 31 Implications of Theory....................................................... 31 Summary of Mathematical Abbreviations ......... .............................. 32 Analogue Computer Program................................................. 32 RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS............................................. 34 In Vitro Systems............................................................ 34 Growth response and variables.............................................. 34 Cell production........................................................... 37 Formation of nondiffusible products.......................................... 38 Production of diffusible compounds .......... ................................ 39 Interbiosis................................................................ 40 Gas exchange............................................................. 40 In Vivo Systems................................ ''I ....... 41 Peritoneal dialysis......................................................... 41 Hemodialysis............................................................. 43 Solid tissue implants....................................................... 43 Embryonated egg ......................................................... 43 Rumen symbiodialysis ................ ..................................... 43 LITERATURE CITED........................................................ 44