Manufacturing and Characterization of Green Composites with Partially Biobased Epoxy Resin and Flaxseed Flour Wastes

This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU), project numbers MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R. This work was supported by the POLISABIO program grant number (2019-A02). D. Lascano thanks Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for the grant received through the PAID-01-18 program. D. Garcia-Garcia wants to thank Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) for their financial support through a post-doctoral grant (APOSTD/2019/201). S. Rojas-Lema is a recipient of a Santiago Grisolia contract (GRISOLIAP/2019/132) from GVA. L. Quiles-Carrillo wants to thank GV for his FPI grant (ACIF/2016/182) and MECD for his FPU grant (FPU15/03812). Microscopy services at UPV are acknowledged for their help in collecting and analyzing FESEM images.

[1]  M. Barczewski,et al.  Utilization of linseed cake as a postagricultural functional filler for poly(lactic acid) green composites , 2018, Journal of Applied Polymer Science.

[2]  F. Espinach,et al.  Orange Wood Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Thermal Properties , 2015 .

[3]  A. Mamun,et al.  Barley husk and coconut shell reinforced polypropylene composites: The effect of fibre physical, chemical and surface properties , 2010 .

[4]  M. Barczewski,et al.  The influence of degree of fragmentation of Pinus sibirica on flammability, thermal and thermomechanical behavior of the epoxy-composites , 2019, Polymer Testing.

[5]  Jung‐il Song,et al.  Mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites reinforced with waste peanut shell powder as a bio-filler , 2015, Fibers and Polymers.

[6]  R. Balart,et al.  Development of a biocomposite based on green polyethylene biopolymer and eggshell , 2015 .

[7]  S. Torres‐Giner,et al.  Enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties of injection-molded polylactide parts by addition of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil , 2020 .

[8]  M. Avella,et al.  Polypropylene-based Eco-composites Filled with Agricultural Rice Hulls Waste , 2009 .

[9]  D. Andrejko,et al.  The possibility of using by-products from the flaxseed industry for functional bread production , 2020 .

[10]  H. Ismail,et al.  Thermoplastic/Natural Filler Composites: A Short Review , 2019, Journal of Physical Science.

[11]  A. Toppinen,et al.  Towards sustainability? Forest-based circular bioeconomy business models in Finnish SMEs , 2018 .

[12]  J. Stabik,et al.  Graded epoxy-hard coal composites: Analysis of filler particle distribution in the epoxy matrix , 2016 .

[13]  A. Toldy,et al.  Effect of Epoxidized Soybean Oil on Curing, Rheological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Aromatic and Aliphatic Epoxy Resins , 2014, Journal of Polymers and the Environment.

[14]  A. Werker,et al.  Composites of Wood and Biodegradable Thermoplastics: A Review , 2018 .

[15]  V. Fombuena,et al.  Disintegration in Compost Conditions and Water Uptake of Green Composites from Poly(Lactic Acid) and Hazelnut Shell Flour , 2018, Journal of Polymers and the Environment.

[16]  G. Papanicolaou,et al.  Preparation and characterization of olive pit powder as a filler to PLA-matrix bio-composites , 2014 .

[17]  R. Balart,et al.  Development and characterization of environmentally friendly composites from poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and almond shell flour with different compatibilizers , 2018, Composites Part B: Engineering.

[18]  G. Raju,et al.  Experimental Study on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Agricultural Residue , 2012 .

[19]  R. T. Olsson,et al.  Carboxylated wheat gluten proteins - a green solution for production of sustainable superabsorbent materials. , 2020, Biomacromolecules.

[20]  Xiao Dong Chen,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed , 2008 .

[21]  R. Balart,et al.  Manufacturing and properties of biobased thermoplastic composites from poly(lactid acid) and hazelnut shell wastes , 2018 .

[22]  Study of the Properties of Thermoset Materials Derived from Epoxidized Soybean Oil and Protein Fillers , 2013 .

[23]  R. Udhayasankar,et al.  PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID-BASED COMPOSITE REINFORCED BY COCONUT SHELL PARTICLES , 2019, Surface Review and Letters.

[24]  Z. Ishak,et al.  Water absorption study on pultruded jute fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites , 2009 .

[25]  A. Mahendran,et al.  Anhydride Cured Bio‐Based Epoxy Resin: Effect of Moisture on Thermal and Mechanical Properties , 2019, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering.

[26]  M. Barczewski,et al.  Application of sunflower husk, hazelnut shell and walnut shell as waste agricultural fillers for epoxy-based composites: A study into mechanical behavior related to structural and rheological properties , 2019, Polymer Testing.

[27]  R. Balart,et al.  Use of eco‐friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements , 2012 .

[28]  S. M. Zabihzadeh,et al.  EFFECT OF FILLER LOADING ON PHYSICAL AND FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF RAPESEED STEM/PP COMPOSITES , 2011 .

[29]  R. Balart,et al.  Development and characterization of green composites from bio‐based polyethylene and peanut shell , 2016 .

[30]  Kaushik Kumar,et al.  Mechanical characterization and quantification of tensile, fracture and viscoelastic characteristics of wood filler reinforced epoxy composite , 2018, Wood Science and Technology.

[31]  Gábor Szebényi,et al.  Characterization of high glass transition temperature sugar-based epoxy resin composites with jute and carbon fibre reinforcement , 2015 .

[32]  R. Balart,et al.  Green composites based on wheat gluten matrix and posidonia oceanica waste fibers as reinforcements , 2013 .

[33]  R. Balart,et al.  Green composites based on polypropylene matrix and hydrophobized spend coffee ground (SCG) powder , 2015 .

[34]  A. Hassan,et al.  Comparison of Polylactic Acid/Kenaf and Polylactic Acid/Rise Husk Composites: The Influence of the Natural Fibers on the Mechanical, Thermal and Biodegradability Properties , 2010 .

[35]  V. Fombuena,et al.  Processing and characterization of high environmental efficiency composites based on PLA and hazelnut shell flour (HSF) with biobased plasticizers derived from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) , 2016 .

[36]  S. Boufi,et al.  Olive stones flour as reinforcement in polypropylene composites: A step forward in the valorization of the solid waste from the olive oil industry , 2015 .

[37]  R. Górny,et al.  Evaluation of highly filled epoxy composites modified with walnut shell waste filler , 2017, Polymer Bulletin.

[38]  S. M. Sapuan,et al.  Design and fabrication of natural woven fabric reinforced epoxy composite for household telephone stand , 2005 .

[39]  A. Shavandi,et al.  Flaxseed: Composition, detoxification, utilization, and opportunities , 2018 .

[40]  R. Boukhili,et al.  Investigation of water absorption in pultruded composites containing fillers and low profile additives , 2007 .

[41]  S. Torres‐Giner,et al.  Development and optimization of renewable vinyl plastisol/wood flour composites exposed to ultraviolet radiation , 2016 .

[42]  K. O’Connor,et al.  Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends , 2013, Progress in Biomaterials.

[43]  M. Barczewski,et al.  Complex modification effect of linseed cake as an agricultural waste filler used in high density polyethylene composites , 2018, Iranian Polymer Journal.

[44]  G. Bansal,et al.  Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Almond Shell Particles Filled Biocomposite in Modified Epoxy Resin , 2016 .

[45]  S. Torres‐Giner,et al.  Effect of different compatibilizers on injection-molded green composite pieces based on polylactide filled with almond shell flour , 2018, Composites Part B: Engineering.

[46]  J. Lôpez,et al.  The effect of the curing time and temperature on final properties of flexible PVC with an epoxidized fatty acid ester as natural-based plasticizer , 2009 .

[47]  R. T. Olsson,et al.  Advances in the Use of Protein-Based Materials: Toward Sustainable Naturally Sourced Absorbent Materials , 2019, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

[48]  S. Mansour,et al.  Eco-friendly composites based on peanut shell powder / unsaturated polyester resin , 2019 .

[49]  A. Ranieri,et al.  Quality of flaxseed oil cake under different storage conditions , 2019, LWT.

[50]  Dong Li,et al.  Characteristics of Flaxseed Oil from Two Different Flax Plants , 2011 .

[51]  R. Balart,et al.  Development of environmentally friendly composite matrices from epoxidized cottonseed oil , 2015 .

[52]  Wei Hsin Chen,et al.  A study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry , 2010 .

[53]  X. Jian,et al.  Interaction and properties of epoxy‐amine system modified with poly(phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone) , 2016 .

[54]  R. Balart,et al.  Investigation of the effect of different silane coupling agents on mechanical performance of basalt fiber composite laminates with biobased epoxy matrices , 2013 .

[55]  J. P. Misra,et al.  Mechanical and thermal behaviour of food waste (Citrus limetta peel) fillers–based novel epoxy composites , 2019, Polymers and Polymer Composites.

[56]  F. Vilaplana,et al.  Forest residues as renewable resources for bio-based polymeric materials and bioenergy: chemical composition, structure and thermal properties , 2015, Cellulose.

[57]  B. Yow,et al.  Hygrothermal aging and tensile behavior of injection‐molded rice husk‐filled polypropylene composites , 2001 .

[58]  Z. Ishak,et al.  Mechanical, Water Absorption and Dimensional Stability Studies of Kenaf Bast Fibre-Filled Poly(butylene succinate) Composites , 2011 .

[59]  R. T. Olsson,et al.  A facile way of making inexpensive rigid and soft protein biofoams with rapid liquid absorption , 2018, Industrial Crops and Products.

[60]  R. Balart,et al.  The Effect of Varying Almond Shell Flour (ASF) Loading in Composites with Poly(Butylene Succinate (PBS) Matrix Compatibilized with Maleinized Linseed Oil (MLO) , 2018, Materials.

[61]  Xiaoqing Liu.  Preparation of a bio-based epoxy with comparable properties to those of petroleum-based counterparts , 2012 .

[62]  R. Balart,et al.  Manufacturing and Characterization of Composite Fibreboards with Posidonia oceanica Wastes with an Environmentally-Friendly Binder from Epoxy Resin , 2017, Materials.

[63]  S. Torres‐Giner,et al.  Optimization of the Curing and Post-Curing Conditions for the Manufacturing of Partially Bio-Based Epoxy Resins with Improved Toughness , 2019, Polymers.

[64]  S. Boufi,et al.  Polypropylene composites based on lignocellulosic fillers: How the filler morphology affects the composite properties , 2015 .

[65]  Rafael Balart,et al.  Development of natural fiber‐reinforced plastics (NFRP) based on biobased polyethylene and waste fibers from Posidonia oceanica seaweed , 2015 .

[66]  S. Torres‐Giner,et al.  Valorization of Linen Processing By-Products for the Development of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces of Polylactide with Improved Performance , 2020, Sustainability.

[67]  T. Boronat,et al.  Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Epoxy Resins (ELO and ESO) Cured with Anhydrides , 2012 .

[68]  V. Manikandan,et al.  Usage of industrial wastes as particulate composite for environment management: Hardness, Tensile and Impact studies , 2017 .

[69]  Ji-won Park,et al.  Tensile properties of kenaf fiber and corn husk flour reinforced poly(lactic acid) hybrid bio-composites: Role of aspect ratio of natural fibers , 2014 .

[70]  S. Boufi,et al.  Polyvinyl Chloride Composites Filled with Olive Stone Flour: Mechanical, Thermal, and Water Absorption Properties , 2014 .

[71]  Young‐Kwon Park,et al.  Overview of the recent advances in lignocellulose liquefaction for producing biofuels, bio-based materials and chemicals. , 2019, Bioresource technology.

[72]  Habibollah Khademieslam,et al.  LIGNOCELLULOSIC FILLER/ RECYCLED HDPE COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF FILLER TYPE ON PHYSICAL AND FLEXURAL PROPERTIES , 2011 .

[73]  Feng Yang,et al.  Study on the Properties of Transparent Bamboo Prepared by Epoxy Resin Impregnation , 2020, Polymers.

[74]  D. Ray,et al.  Stearic acid as coupling agent in fly ash reinforced recycled polypropylene matrix composites: Structural, mechanical, and thermal characterizations , 2013 .