Dual Lifetime Referencing (DLR) — a New Scheme for Converting Fluorescence Intensity into a Frequency-Domain or Time-Domain Information

Fluorescence spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy are probably the most powerful spectroscopies at present albeit with very different (and highly complementary) fields of application. Fluorometry can be based on the intrinsic fluorescence of (bio)molecules or ions, or on the use of fluorescent probes, indicators, or labels Numerous parameters can be measured which include intensity, decay time, polarization, radiative and non-radiative energy transfer, quenching efficiency, and combinations thereof Fluorescence microscopy and imaging are other widely applied techniques, and multi-dimensional and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy have gained some interest in recent years.

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