Lime mortars with heat treated clays and ceramic waste: A review

Abstract The formulation and use of lime mortars with ceramic particles has, in the past, been a very common technique. Knowledge of such used techniques and materials is fundamental for the successful rehabilitation and conservation of the built heritage. The durability that these mortars have shown encourages the study of the involved mechanisms, so that they may be adapted to the current reality. The considerable amount of waste from old ceramics factories which is sent for disposal might present an opportunity for the production of reliable improved lime mortars. In this paper a number of studies that characterize old building mortars containing ceramic fragments are reviewed. The most important research undertaken on laboratory prepared mortars with several heat treated clays types is presented, specifically with incorporated ceramic waste. Some studies on the pozzolanicity of heat treated clays are examined and the heating temperatures that seem most likely to achieve pozzolanicity are presented. It was verified that some heating temperatures currently used by ceramic industries might correspond to the temperatures that will achieve pozzolanicity.

[1]  H. Taylor,et al.  Solubility and structure of calcium silicate hydrate , 2004 .

[2]  A. Moropoulou,et al.  Evaluation of pozzolanic activity of natural and artificial pozzolans by thermal analysis , 2004 .

[3]  Paulina Faria.  Resistance to salts of lime and pozzolan mortars , 2009 .

[4]  M. F. Macedo,et al.  A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Archaeological Mortars from the Town of Ammaia in the Roman Province of Lusitania (Portugal) , 2014 .

[5]  Karen E. MacDonald,et al.  The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register , 2008 .

[6]  I. Meir,et al.  Analysis of Byzantine mortars from the Negev Desert, Israel, and subsequent environmental and economic implications , 2005 .

[7]  Hanifi Binici,et al.  Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fine aggregates on concrete mortars properties , 2007 .

[8]  Marius Vendrell,et al.  Traditional organic additives improve lime mortars: New old materials for restoration and building natural stone fabrics , 2011 .

[9]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Earthquake resistant construction techniques and materials on Byzantine monuments in Kiev , 2000 .

[10]  S. Wild,et al.  Strength and chemical resistance of mortars containing brick manufacturing clays subjected to different treatments , 2006 .

[11]  Victor M. Ferreira,et al.  Study of rehabilitation mortars: Construction of a knowledge correlation matrix , 2006 .

[12]  M. do Rosário Veiga,et al.  Lime-Based Mortars: Viability for Use as Substitution Renders in Historical Buildings , 2010 .

[13]  Eduardo de Moraes Rego Fairbairn,et al.  Potential for use of crushed waste calcined-clay brick as a supplementary cementitious material in Brazil , 2007 .

[14]  B. Samet,et al.  Study on the potential use of Tunisian clays as pozzolanic material , 2006 .

[15]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Composite materials in ancient structures , 2005 .

[16]  A. McGhie,et al.  Pozzolanic Components in Lime Mortars: Correlating Behaviour, Composition and Microstructure / Puzzolanische Bestandteile in Kalkmörteln: Zusammenhang zwischen den Eigenschaften, der Zusammensetzung und dem Mikrogefüge , 2005 .

[17]  Paulina Faria,et al.  Troia Roman baths (Portugal) – Assessment of history of interventions , 2006 .

[18]  Fernando Rocha,et al.  Characterisation of roman mortars from Conímbriga with respect to their repair , 2007 .

[19]  A. Moropoulou,et al.  Thermal analysis as a method of characterizing ancient ceramic technologies , 1995 .

[20]  Gc Allen,et al.  7th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials , 1999 .

[21]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Advanced Byzantine cement based composites resisting earthquake stresses: the crushed brick/lime mortars of Justinian's Hagia Sophia , 2002 .

[22]  Luigia Binda,et al.  Study of the pozzolanicity of some bricks and clays , 1997 .

[23]  R. Černý,et al.  Properties of lime composites containing a new type of pozzolana for the improvement of strength and durability , 2012 .

[24]  E. Uğurlu,et al.  The use of brick–lime plasters and their relevance to climatic conditions of historic bath buildings , 2009 .

[25]  Tülay Tulun,et al.  Physico-chemical and petrographical studies of old mortars and plasters of Anatolia , 1997 .

[26]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Correlation of physicochemical and mechanical properties of historical mortars and classification by multivariate statistics , 2003 .

[27]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Characterization of ancient, byzantine and later historic mortars by thermal and X-ray diffraction techniques☆ , 1995 .

[28]  Başak İpekoğlu,et al.  Characteristics of brick used as aggregate in historic brick-lime mortars and plasters , 2006 .

[29]  Eleni Aggelakopoulou,et al.  Optimization of compatible restoration mortars for the earthquake protection of Hagia Sophia , 2013 .

[30]  L. F. Miranda,et al.  CDW recycled aggregate renderings: Part I – Analysis of the effect of materials finer than 75 μm on mortar properties , 2006 .

[31]  Abdelghani Naceri,et al.  Use of waste brick as a partial replacement of cement in mortar. , 2009, Waste management.

[32]  M. Waelkens,et al.  Study of ancient mortars from Sagalassos (Turkey) in view of their conservation , 2002 .

[33]  António Candeias,et al.  Characterization of Roman mortars from the historical town of Mertola , 2006 .

[34]  R. Černý,et al.  Application of burnt clay shale as pozzolan addition to lime mortar , 2012 .

[35]  P. Bowen,et al.  Changes in portlandite morphology with solvent composition: Atomistic simulations and experiment , 2011 .

[36]  H. Taylor.  Chemistry of Cements , 1938, Nature.

[37]  Jacek F. Gieras,et al.  Materials and Construction , 1999 .

[38]  C. Stefano,et al.  Study and characterization of the ancient bricks of monastery of “San Filippo di Fragalà” in Frazzanò (Sicily) , 2004 .

[39]  M. González Cortina,et al.  Aired-time and chamotte hydraulic mortars , 2002 .

[40]  A. Silva,et al.  Characterisation of Roman Mortars from the Archaeological Site of Tróia (Portugal) , 2006 .

[41]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Physico-chemical study of Cretan ancient mortars , 2003 .

[42]  Rosário Veiga,et al.  Incorporation of fine ceramics in mortars , 2009 .

[43]  C. Piccioli,et al.  Study of ancient mortars from the Roman Villa of Pollio Felice in Sorrento (Naples) , 2004 .

[44]  H. L. Miller,et al.  Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , 2007 .

[45]  Domenico Miriello,et al.  EFFECTS OF MILLING: A POSSIBLE FACTOR INFLUENCING THE DURABILITY OF HISTORICAL MORTARS , 2009 .

[46]  Emil Makovicky,et al.  Pozzolanic reactions of six principal clay minerals: Activation, reactivity assessments and technological effects , 1995 .

[47]  Valeria Corinaldesi,et al.  Behaviour of cementitious mortars containing different kinds of recycled aggregate , 2009 .

[48]  J. de Brito,et al.  Effects on concrete durability of using recycled ceramic aggregates , 2005 .

[49]  Eleni Aggelakopoulou,et al.  Strength development and lime reaction in mortars for repairing historic masonries , 2005 .

[50]  João Castro-Gomes,et al.  The potential pozzolanic activity of glass and red-clay ceramic waste as cement mortars components , 2012 .

[51]  S. Kenai,et al.  The use of coarse and fine crushed bricks as aggregate in concrete , 2008 .

[52]  P. Faria Rodrigues,et al.  Current Mortars in Conservation: An Overview , 2004 .

[53]  I. Meir,et al.  Byzantine mortars of the Negev Desert , 2005 .

[54]  M. Stefanidou,et al.  Analysis and characterization of hydraulic mortars from ancient cisterns and baths in Greece , 2014 .

[55]  A. Lavat,et al.  Characterization of ceramic roof tile wastes as pozzolanic admixture. , 2009, Waste management.

[56]  Luigia Binda,et al.  The role of brick pebbles and dust in conglomerates based on hydrated lime and crushed bricks , 1997 .

[57]  J. de Brito,et al.  Mechanical behaviour of non-structural concrete made with recycled ceramic aggregates , 2005 .

[58]  F. Henriques,et al.  Comparative evaluation of lime mortars for architectural conservation , 2008 .

[59]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Investigation of the technology of historic mortars , 2000 .

[60]  A. Moropoulou,et al.  Evaluation of pozzolanic activity and physico-mechanical characteristics in ceramic powder-lime pastes , 2008 .

[61]  A. Moropoulou,et al.  Characterization of structural byzantine mortars by thermogravimetric analysis , 1998 .

[62]  Jorge de Brito,et al.  Structural concrete with incorporation of coarse recycled concrete and ceramic aggregates: durability performance , 2009 .

[63]  Jeanne Marie Teutonico,et al.  The Smeaton project: factors affecting the properties of lime-based mortars , 1993 .

[64]  A. Al-Rawas,et al.  Properties of Omani artificial pozzolana (sarooj) , 1998 .

[65]  J. M. Fernández,et al.  Use of fine recycled aggregates from ceramic waste in masonry mortar manufacturing , 2013 .

[66]  Valeria Corinaldesi,et al.  Environmentally-friendly bedding mortars for repair of historical buildings , 2012 .

[67]  P. Faria Rodrigues,et al.  Current Mortars in Conservation: An Overview / Heute beim Konservieren verwendete Mörtel: Eine Übersicht , 2004 .

[68]  S. Wild,et al.  Pore size distribution and compressive strength of waste clay brick mortar , 2001 .