A Question of Trust: An Ethnographic Study of Automated Cars on Real Roads

Recent technological advances in automated cars have brought them closer to regular use on the roads. Accordingly, research on the driver's perspective is increasing. However, previous studies have limitations in terms of the length of the study period and richness of the user's experience. In this paper, we conducted an ethnographic experiment to observe the interaction between humans and automated cars. Six participants rode in a prototype automated car on a real road one hour a day for six days under various weather conditions. We found that even after six days of utilizing it, participants did not fully trust the automated car. We identified nine distrust factors that strongly influenced their experiences in the automated car, classifying them according to Lee and See's classification of three trust categories: process, performance, and purpose. We also present serval ideas based on the study results.

[1]  Michael Sivak,et al.  A Survey of Public Opinion about Autonomous and Self-Driving Vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia , 2014 .

[2]  N. L. Chervany,et al.  WHILE TRUST IS COOL AND COLLECTED, DISTRUST IS FIERY AND FRENZIED: A MODEL OF DISTRUST CONCEPTS , 2001 .

[3]  Yong Gu Ji,et al.  Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle , 2015, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[4]  Helvi Kyngäs,et al.  The qualitative content analysis process. , 2008, Journal of advanced nursing.

[5]  Julie A. Kientz,et al.  Developing and Validating the User Burden Scale: A Tool for Assessing User Burden in Computing Systems , 2016, CHI.

[6]  Andras Varhelyi,et al.  The effects of a driver assistance system for safe speed and safe distance - A real-life field study , 2011 .

[7]  Ronald R. Mourant,et al.  Toward More Realistic Driving Behavior Models for Autonomous Vehicles in Driving Simulators , 2003 .

[8]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  On the Independence of Compliance and Reliance: Are Automation False Alarms Worse Than Misses? , 2007, Hum. Factors.

[9]  Stefan Greuter,et al.  Contextual Inquiry of Future Commuting in Autonomous Cars , 2016, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[10]  Sharan B. Merriam,et al.  Case Study Research in Education : A Qualitative Approach , 1991 .

[11]  Francesca Moretti,et al.  A standardized approach to qualitative content analysis of focus group discussions from different countries. , 2011, Patient education and counseling.

[12]  J. R. Landis,et al.  The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. , 1977, Biometrics.

[13]  P. Ekman,et al.  DIFFERENCES Universals and Cultural Differences in the Judgments of Facial Expressions of Emotion , 2004 .

[14]  John D. Lee,et al.  Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance , 2004, Hum. Factors.

[15]  E. Ullmann-Margalit.  Trust, Distrust, and in Between , 2001 .

[16]  Manfred Tscheligi,et al.  Towards Autonomous Cars: The Effect of Autonomy Levels on Acceptance and User Experience , 2014, AutomotiveUI.

[17]  D. H. Mills.  The Logic and Limits of Trust , 1983 .

[18]  G. Lakemeyer,et al.  Modeling the Impact of Trust and Distrust in Agent Networks , 2022 .

[19]  LausenGeorg,et al.  Propagation Models for Trust and Distrust in Social Networks , 2005 .

[20]  M. Marshall.  Sampling for qualitative research. , 1996, Family practice.

[21]  J. Rotter.  Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility. , 1980 .

[22]  Il Im,et al.  The effects of perceived risk and technology type on users' acceptance of technologies , 2008, Inf. Manag..

[23]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse , 1997, Hum. Factors.

[24]  Linda Ng Boyle,et al.  Augmenting the Technology Acceptance Model with Trust: Commercial Drivers’ Attitudes towards Monitoring and Feedback , 2012 .

[25]  J. McLennan,et al.  Conceptualizing and Measuring Global Interpersonal Mistrust-Trust , 2000, The Journal of social psychology.

[26]  William Whittaker,et al.  Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the Urban Challenge , 2008, J. Field Robotics.

[27]  Karin Ackermann,et al.  The Nature Of Emotion Fundamental Questions , 2016 .

[28]  William Payre,et al.  Intention to use a fully automated car: attitudes and a priori acceptability , 2014 .

[29]  Sangwoo Bahn,et al.  Research Issues in Smart Vehicles and Elderly Drivers: A Literature Review , 2015, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[30]  Russell Beale,et al.  Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users , 2009, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[31]  V. Braun,et al.  Using thematic analysis in psychology , 2006 .

[32]  George Mason.  Situation Awareness, Mental Workload, and Trust in Automation:Viable, Empirically Supported Cognitive Engineering Constructs , 2011 .

[33]  P. J. Sher,et al.  Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The TRAM model , 2007 .

[34]  Georg Lausen,et al.  Propagation Models for Trust and Distrust in Social Networks , 2005, Inf. Syst. Frontiers.

[35]  Natasha Merat,et al.  Transition to manual: driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle , 2014 .

[36]  N Moray,et al.  Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems. , 1992, Ergonomics.