Achieving satellite instrument calibration for climate change

For the most part, satellite observations of climate are not presently sufficiently accurate to establish a climate record that is indisputable and hence capable of determining whether and at what rate the climate is changing. Furthermore, they are insufficient for establishing a baseline for testing long-term trend predictions of climate models. Satellite observations do provide a clear picture of the relatively large signals associated with interannual climate variations such as El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and they have also been used to diagnose gross inadequacies of climate models, such as their cloud generation schemes. However, satellite contributions to measuring long-term change have been limited and, at times, controversial, as in the case of differing atmospheric temperature trends derived from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) microwave radiometers.

[1]  Kelly Chance,et al.  GOME wavelength calibration using solar and atmospheric spectra , 1997 .

[2]  M. Larsen,et al.  TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT LINEARITY CALIBRATION FOR THE SPIRIT III RADIOMETER , 1997 .

[3]  James M. Russell,et al.  The Halogen Occultation Experiment , 1993 .

[4]  John R. Christy,et al.  Error Estimates of Version 5.0 of MSU–AMSU Bulk Atmospheric Temperatures , 2003 .

[5]  Greg Kopp,et al.  The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Instrument Design , 2005 .

[6]  Mitchell D. Goldberg,et al.  Temperature trends at the surface and in the troposphere , 2006 .

[7]  Bruce A. Wielicki,et al.  Satellite Instrument Calibration for Measuring Global Climate Change: Report of a Workshop , 2004 .

[8]  B. Barkstrom,et al.  Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing System Experiment , 1996 .

[9]  Crowley,et al.  Atmospheric science: Methane rises from wetlands , 2011, Nature.

[10]  Steven W. Brown,et al.  Overview of the radiometric calibration of MOBY , 2002, Optics + Photonics.

[11]  Kurtis J. Thome,et al.  Evaluation of Railroad Valley playa for use in vicarious calibration , 1996, Optics & Photonics.

[12]  John A. Dykema,et al.  Testing climate models using GPS radio occultation: A sensitivity analysis , 2006 .

[13]  Thomas S. Pagano,et al.  Prelaunch characteristics of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on EOS-AM1 , 1998, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[14]  Stephen S. Leroy,et al.  Climate Signal Detection Times and Constraints on Climate Benchmark Accuracy Requirements , 2008 .

[15]  David M. Winker,et al.  An overview of LITE: NASA's Lidar In-space Technology Experiment , 1996, Proc. IEEE.

[16]  Mark E. Frink,et al.  Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES): Long-wave Calibration Plan and Radiometric Test Model (RTM) Calibration Results , 1993 .

[17]  C. Fröhlich,et al.  Solar Irradiance Variability Since 1978 , 2007 .

[18]  J. Alexander,et al.  Theory and Methods: Critical Essays in Human Geography , 2008 .

[19]  C. Rao,et al.  Inter-satellite calibration linkages for the visible and near-infared channels of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on the NOAA-7, -9, and -11 spacecraft , 1995 .

[20]  David M. Winker,et al.  Vertical distribution of clouds over Hampton, Virginia observed by lidar under the ECLIPS and FIRE ETO programs , 1994 .

[21]  Michael P. Weinreb,et al.  Estimation of long-term throughput degradation of GOES 8 and 9 visible channels by statistical analysis of star measurements , 1998, Optics + Photonics.

[22]  T. Pagano,et al.  Use of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder high–spectral resolution spectra to assess the calibration of Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on EOS Aqua , 2006 .

[23]  G. Mégie,et al.  Monitoring of ozone trend by stellar occultations: the GOMOS instrument , 1991 .

[24]  James H Walker,et al.  Spectral radiance calibrations , 1987 .

[25]  John R. Christy,et al.  MSU Tropospheric Temperatures: Dataset Construction and Radiosonde Comparisons , 2000 .

[26]  S. G. Warren,et al.  Gain of the AVHRR visible channel as tracked using bidirectional reflectance of Antarctic and Greenland snow , 2001 .

[27]  Raju V. Datla,et al.  Recommended Practice: Symbols, Terms, Units and Uncertainty Analysis for Radiometric Sensor Calibration | NIST , 1998 .

[28]  Xiaoxiong Xiong,et al.  The impact of solar diffuser screen on the radiometric calibration of remote sensing systems , 2003, IGARSS 2003. 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37477).

[29]  Wesley A. Traub,et al.  First light from the Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy of the Troposphere (FIRST) instrument , 2006 .

[30]  Leonard A. Smith,et al.  Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases , 2005, Nature.

[31]  Changyong Cao,et al.  Recalibration of microwave sounding unit for climate studies using simultaneous nadir overpasses , 2006 .

[32]  L. Miller,et al.  Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global sea level rise , 2004, Nature.

[33]  F. Amzajerdian,et al.  Space-Based Lidar , 2005 .

[34]  William J. Emery,et al.  Error characterization of infrared and microwave satellite sea surface temperature products for merging and analysis , 2008 .

[35]  Steven W. Brown,et al.  NIST facility for Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations with Uniform Sources , 2000 .

[36]  D. Loyola,et al.  Long Term Monitoring of GOME/ERS-2 Calibration Parameters , 2006 .

[37]  W. Barnes,et al.  Use of the Moon for Calibration and Characterization of MODIS, SeaWiFS, and VIRS , 2006 .

[38]  Changyong Cao,et al.  Inter-comparison of the longwave infrared channels of MODIS and AVHRR/NOAA-16 using simultaneous nadir observations at orbit intersections , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[39]  David M. Winker,et al.  Status and performance of the CALIOP lidar , 2004, SPIE Remote Sensing.

[40]  Cindy Merrow,et al.  Interaction between polarization and response vs. scan angle in the calibration of imaging radiometers , 1999, Optics + Photonics.

[41]  H. Kieffer,et al.  The Spectral Irradiance of the Moon , 2005 .

[42]  John A. Dykema,et al.  A methodology for obtaining on-orbit SI-traceable spectral radiance measurements in the thermal infrared , 2006 .

[43]  Ralph C. Bohlin,et al.  Hubble Space Telescope Absolute Spectrophotometry of Vega from the Far-Ultraviolet to the Infrared , 2004 .

[44]  W. Menzel,et al.  Intercalibration of the Infrared Window and Water Vapor Channels on Operational Geostationary Environmental Satellites Using a Single Polar-Orbiting Satellite , 2004 .

[45]  J. Hansen,et al.  Accurate monitoring of terrestrial aerosols and total solar irradiance: Introducing the Glory mission , 2007 .

[46]  A. Krueger,et al.  Multispectral calibration of remote-sensing instruments over Antarctica , 1998 .

[47]  B. Taylor,et al.  CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006 | NIST , 2007, 0801.0028.

[48]  David M. Winker,et al.  Use of probability distribution functions for discriminating between cloud and aerosol in lidar backscatter data , 2004 .

[49]  F. Wentz,et al.  The Effect of Diurnal Correction on Satellite-Derived Lower Tropospheric Temperature , 2005, Science.

[50]  B. Soden,et al.  An Assessment of Climate Feedbacks in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Models , 2006 .

[51]  James J. Butler,et al.  Bidirectional Reflectance Round-Robin in Support of the Earth Observing System Program , 2000 .

[52]  Robert Benjamin Lee,et al.  Reexamination of the Observed Decadal Variability of the Earth Radiation Budget Using Altitude-Corrected ERBE/ERBS Nonscanner WFOV Data , 2006 .

[53]  Steven W. Brown,et al.  Hyperspectral image projectors for radiometric applications , 2006 .

[54]  Robert A. Barnes,et al.  Use of the moon as a calibration reference for NPP VIIRS , 2005, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[55]  David K. Walker,et al.  Standard radiometers and targets for microwave remote sensing , 2004, IGARSS 2004. 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[56]  Edward A. Early,et al.  Irradiance of Horizontal Quartz-Halogen Standard Lamps , 1996, Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[57]  J. Spinhirne,et al.  Cloud and aerosol measurements from GLAS: Overview and initial results , 2005 .

[58]  H. Storch,et al.  Statistical Analysis in Climate Research , 2000 .

[59]  Jeffrey A. Mendenhall,et al.  Spectral and Radiometric Calibration of the Advanced Land Imager , 2005 .

[60]  R. Haskins,et al.  Calibration of Radiances from Space , 1998 .

[61]  Howard S. Bowen.  ABSOLUTE RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF THE IKONOS SENSOR USING RADIOMETRICALLY CHARACTERIZED STELLAR SOURCES , 2002 .

[62]  Norman C. Grody,et al.  Analysis of diurnal and seasonal cycles and trends in climatic records with arbitrary observation times , 2004 .

[63]  Hugh H. Kieffer,et al.  Photometric stability of the lunar surface , 1997 .

[64]  Changyong Cao,et al.  Predicting Simultaneous Nadir Overpasses among Polar-Orbiting Meteorological Satellites for the Intersatellite Calibration of Radiometers , 2004 .

[65]  Anny Cazenave,et al.  Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections , 2007, Science.

[66]  R. Cebula,et al.  Calibration and Radiometric Stability of the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) Experiment , 1993 .

[67]  Bruce A. Wielicki,et al.  Evidence for Large Decadal Variability in the Tropical Mean Radiative Energy Budget , 2002, Science.

[68]  Riko Oki,et al.  Sampling simulation of TRMM rainfall estimation using radar-AMeDAS composites , 1994 .

[69]  Joseph J. Tansock,et al.  System-level approach to characterization and radiometric calibration of a space-based electro-optical sensor , 2004 .

[70]  George P Eppeldauer,et al.  Facility for spectral irradiance and radiance responsivity calibrations using uniform sources. , 2006, Applied optics.

[71]  Keith R. Lykke,et al.  Spectral irradiance responsivity measurements between 1 μm and 5 μm , 2004, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[72]  S. Bony,et al.  Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models , 2005 .

[73]  Xiaoxiong Xiong,et al.  MODIS on-orbit characterization using the Moon , 2003, SPIE Remote Sensing.

[74]  James B. Young,et al.  Radiometric Measurement Comparison on the Integrating Sphere Source Used to Calibrate the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) , 2003, Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[75]  Steven W. Brown,et al.  Radiometric calibration of the Scripps Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera , 2002, Optics + Photonics.

[76]  N. Grody,et al.  Global Warming Trend of Mean Tropospheric Temperature Observed by Satellites , 2003, Science.

[77]  A. Thompson,et al.  Radiometric standards in space: the next step , 2000 .

[78]  John J. Barnett,et al.  Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio-Studies (TRUTHS): An Element of a Space-Based Climate and Calibration Observatory , 2003, Remote. Sens..