Enculturation and education in Shanti Nagar

.............................................................. 53 Introduction .................................................................. 53 Acknowledgments ............................................................ 55 A Note on the Transcription of Hindi Words and Nomenclature ...... ............. 55 Enculturation .............. ...................................... 56 Developmental Stages ......................................................... 56 Surrogate Mothering ..................................................... 57 Nursing .................................................... 58 Weaning ............................................................... 59 Supplementary Food and Eating ................................................ 59 Crying, Its Causes, and Control ................................................ 60 Maternal Care ................. ................................... 60 Urination and Excretion ....................................................... 63 Walking ..................................................... .......... 64 Vocalization and Communication ............................................... 66 Sleeping ............................................................... 67 Cleanliness and Modesty Training .............................................. 68 Costume of Children by Sex and Age ................... ........................ 70 Hair Styling and Grooming .................................................... 71 Social Interaction .................................................... 71 Affection and Attention .................................................... 71 Respect, Status, and Role Behavior ................. ......................... 74 Teasing, Shaming, Beating, and Cruelty ....................................... 75 Friendship ....................................... ........................ 77 Play ............................................................... 78 Imitative .............. ...................................... 79 Exploratory ................. ................................... 81 Testing ............................................................... 82 Model Building .................................................... 83 Doll-Play Sessions ..................................................... 85 Little Mr. God .................................................... 96 YoungBarber. .................................................... 100 Organized and Commercial Recreation ........................................ 102 Summary of Play .................................................... 103 Development of Supernatural Beliefs ................... ........................ 104 Imitative Training for Work ................................................... 108 Education .................................................... 115 Literacy and Formal Schooling ................................................ 116 Difference between Cognitive Processes in Traditional and Formal Learning ....... 117 History of Formal Schooling in Shanti Nagar ........... ......................... 119 Problems in Transition from Traditional Learning to Formal Schooling ..... ....... 123 Caste Differences in Education ................................................. 129 Interviews about Schools and Learning ................ ......................... 131 Education of Females......................................................... 134 Schools and Facilities ..................................................... 136 52 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Adult Education Classes (Social Education) ......... ............................ 139 Higher Education and Occupational Training ........ ............................ 139 Mixing Old and New .......................................................... 145 Differences between Rural and Urban Schoolchildren ............................ 147 Conclusion ................................................................... 149 Literature Cited ................................................................ 151 Index ................................................................... 151