iCAR: an integrated cellular and ad-hoc relay system

Ever increasing data traffic and limited capacity are major causes for congestion in current cellular systems. This paper presents a new architecture for the next generation wireless systems based on the integration of the cellular infrastructure and modern ad-hoc relaying technologies. The new architecture can efficiently balance traffic loads between cells by using ad-hoc relay stations (ARS) to relay traffic from one cell to another cell dynamically. This can not only increase a system's capacity cost-effectively, but also reduce transmission power for mobile hosts, and provide services for shadow areas. In this paper, we present the architectural concept including its basic operations and principal benefits. We also propose a seed-growing approach for ARS placement, and discuss the upper bound on the number of seed ARSs needed in the system. We evaluate the performance improvement of the new architecture through analysis and simulations.

[1]  J. Whitehead.  Cellular system design: An emerging engineering discipline , 1986, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[2]  Stephen S. Rappaport,et al.  Traffic Model and Performance Analysis for Cellular Mobile Radio Telephone Systems with Prioritized and Nonprioritized Handoff Procedures - Version 2a , 2000 .

[3]  V. H. Mac Donald,et al.  Advanced mobile phone service: The cellular concept , 1979, The Bell System Technical Journal.

[4]  Klara Nahrstedt,et al.  Distributed quality-of-service routing in ad hoc networks , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[5]  Stephen S. Rappaport,et al.  CBWL: a new channel assignment and sharing method for cellular communication systems , 1994 .

[6]  Marcelo Spohn,et al.  SOURCE TREE ADAPTIVE ROUTING (STAR) PROTOCOL , 1999 .

[7]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing , 1999, Proceedings WMCSA'99. Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

[8]  Mahmoud Naghshineh,et al.  Bluetooth: vision, goals, and architecture , 1998, MOCO.

[9]  Imrich Chlamtac,et al.  A distance routing effect algorithm for mobility (DREAM) , 1998, MobiCom '98.

[10]  Ramjee Prasad,et al.  An overview of air interface multiple access for IMT-2000/UMTS , 1998, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[11]  A. Viterbi.  CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication , 1995 .

[12]  Stephen Deering,et al.  Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6) , 1998 .

[13]  M. Gerla,et al.  GloMoSim: a library for parallel simulation of large-scale wireless networks , 1998, Proceedings. Twelfth Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation PADS '98 (Cat. No.98TB100233).

[14]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for mobile computers , 1994, SIGCOMM.

[15]  Marco Ajmone Marsan,et al.  Approximate analytical models for dual-band GSM networks design and planning , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[16]  Michael Meyer.  TCP performance over GPRS , 1999, WCNC. 1999 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (Cat. No.99TH8466).

[17]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Mobility support in IPv6 , 1996, MobiCom '96.

[18]  V. Bharghavan,et al.  MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LANs , 1994 .

[19]  Li-Fung Chang,et al.  Wireless dynamic channel assignment performance under packet data traffic , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[20]  M. S. Corson,et al.  A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks , 1997, Proceedings of INFOCOM '97.

[21]  Antti Toskala,et al.  Wcdma for Umts , 2002 .

[22]  Jon W. Mark,et al.  A dynamic load sharing algorithm through power control in cellular CDMA , 1998, Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (Cat. No.98TH8361).

[23]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  Load balancing via relay in next generation wireless systems , 2000, MobiHoc.

[24]  William C. Y. Lee,et al.  Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Systems , 1989 .

[25]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  A dynamic load balancing strategy for channel assignment using selective borrowing in cellular mobile environment , 1997, Wirel. Networks.

[26]  Amre El-Hoiydi,et al.  A flexible network architecture for UMTS , 1998, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[27]  Biswanath Mukherjee,et al.  MACA-an efficient channel allocation scheme in cellular networks , 2000, Globecom '00 - IEEE. Global Telecommunications Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37137).

[28]  Petar M. Djuric,et al.  Multibeam cellular communication systems with dynamic channel assignment across multiple sectors , 1999, Wirel. Networks.

[29]  Gregory J. Pottie,et al.  Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network , 2000, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[30]  Chien-Chung Shen,et al.  Sensor information networking architecture and applications , 2001, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[31]  Cristina Comaniciu,et al.  QoS guarantees for third generation (3G) CDMA systems via admission and flow control , 2000, Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.00CH37152).

[32]  Vijay K. Garg,et al.  Wireless and Personal Communications Systems , 2000 .

[33]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  Integrated cellular and ad hoc relaying systems: iCAR , 2001, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[34]  Erik Dahlman,et al.  WCDMA-the radio interface for future mobile multimedia communications , 1998 .

[35]  Mineo Takai,et al.  Parssec: A Parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems , 1998, Computer.

[36]  M. L. Honig.  Analysis of a TDMA network with voice and data traffic , 1984, AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal.

[37]  M. Gallagher,et al.  UMTS the next generation of mobile radio , 1999 .

[38]  Andrew T. Campbell,et al.  An overview of cellular IP , 1999, WCNC. 1999 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (Cat. No.99TH8466).

[39]  J. Tajima,et al.  A strategy for flexible channel assignment in mobile communication systems , 1988 .

[40]  Ming Zhang,et al.  Comparisons of channel-assignment strategies in cellular mobile telephone systems , 1989 .

[41]  Jim Lansford,et al.  HomeRF: wireless networking for the connected home , 2000, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[42]  Andrew J. Viterbi,et al.  On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system , 1991 .

[43]  O. K. Tonguz,et al.  Random spacing channel assignment to reduce the nonlinear intermodulation distortion in cellular mobile communications , 1999 .

[44]  D. M. Balston,et al.  Cellular Radio Systems , 1993 .

[45]  Samir Ranjan Das,et al.  Comparative performance evaluation of routing protocols for mobile, ad hoc networks , 1998, Proceedings 7th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (Cat. No.98EX226).

[46]  C. E. Perkins.  Mobile IP , 1997 .

[47]  R. Syski,et al.  Introduction to congestion theory in telephone systems , 1962 .

[48]  O. K. Tonguz,et al.  Handoff ordering using signal prediction priority queuing in personal communication systems , 1999 .

[49]  Uyless Black.  Mobile and wireless networks , 1996 .

[50]  S.M. Elnoubi,et al.  A new frequency channel assignment algorithm in high capacity mobile communication systems , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[51]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  A new hierarchical routing protocol for dynamic multihop wireless networks , 1997, Proceedings of INFOCOM '97.

[52]  Ramjee Prasad,et al.  Wideband CDMA for third generation mobile communications , 1998 .

[53]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Mobile Networking Through Mobile IP , 1998, IEEE Internet Comput..

[54]  K. Raith,et al.  Capacity of digital cellular TDMA systems , 1991 .

[55]  Andrew T. Campbell,et al.  INSIGNIA: An IP-Based Quality of Service Framework for Mobile ad Hoc Networks , 2000, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[56]  Chai-Keong Toh,et al.  A novel distributed routing protocol to support ad-hoc mobile computing , 1996, Conference Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Fifteenth Annual International Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications.

[57]  Larry J. Greenstein,et al.  Performance Studies of Narrow-Beam Trisector Cellular Systems , 1998, Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Networks.

[58]  Thomas Haug,et al.  The GSM System for Mobile Communications , 1992 .

[59]  Zygmunt J. Haas,et al.  Ad Hoc mobility management with uniform quorum systems , 1999, TNET.

[60]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  A routing architecture for mobile integrated services networks , 1998, Mob. Networks Appl..

[61]  Ying-Dar Lin,et al.  Multihop cellular: a new architecture for wireless communications , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[62]  Yuguang Fang,et al.  Call Performance for a PCS Network , 1997, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[63]  Neeli R. Prasad.  GSM evolution towards third generation UMTS/IMT2000 , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications (Cat. No.99TH8366).

[64]  Atsushi Iwata,et al.  Scalable routing strategies for ad hoc wireless networks , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[65]  Christian Huitema,et al.  IPv6--the new Internet protocol , 1996 .

[66]  David R. Cox,et al.  Increasing Channel Occupancy in Large-Scale Mobile Radio Systems: Dynamic Channel REassignment , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[67]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  A structured channel borrowing scheme for dynamic load balancing in cellular networks , 1997, Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.

[68]  J. Oetting.  Cellular mobile radio , 1983, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[69]  David A. Maltz,et al.  The effects of on-demand behavior in routing protocols for multihop wireless ad hoc networks , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[70]  G. K. Chan.  Effects of sectorization on the spectrum efficiency of cellular radio systems , 1992 .

[71]  András Gergely Valkó,et al.  Cellular IP: a new approach to Internet host mobility , 1999, CCRV.

[72]  Ernö Kovacs,et al.  UMTS: a middleware architecture and mobile API approach , 1998, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[73]  Vaduvur Bharghavan,et al.  MACAW: a media access protocol for wireless LAN's , 1994, SIGCOMM 1994.

[74]  Johan Karlsson,et al.  A cellular mobile telephone system with load sharing-an enhancement of directed retry , 1989, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[75]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  Load balancing via relay in next generation wireless systems , 2000, 2000 First Annual Workshop on Mobile and Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. MobiHOC (Cat. No.00EX444).

[76]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Protocols for Adaptive Wireless and Mobile Networking , 1996 .

[77]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  Performance analysis of iCAR (integrated cellular and ad-hoc relay system) , 2001, ICC 2001. IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37240).

[78]  Mario Gerla,et al.  GloMoSim: a library for parallel simulation of large-scale wireless networks , 1998 .

[79]  Michael Meyer,et al.  Wireless Internet access based on GPRS , 2000, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[80]  A. Gamst.  A study of radio network design strategies , 1986, 36th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.

[81]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks , 1998, MobiCom '98.

[82]  C.-K. Toh.  Wireless ATM and Ad-Hoc Networks: Protocols and Architectures , 1996 .

[83]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks , 1996, Mob. Networks Appl..

[84]  Roger L. Freeman,et al.  Telecommunication System Engineering , 1980 .

[85]  Israel Korn.  M-ary frequency shift keying with limiter-discriminator-integrator detector in satellite mobile channel with narrowband receiver filter , 1990, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[86]  D.F. Bantz,et al.  Wireless LAN design alternatives , 1994, IEEE Network.

[87]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 1994, Mobidata.

[88]  M. Rahnema,et al.  Overview of the GSM system and protocol architecture , 1993, IEEE Communications Magazine.