Optical Waveplates Based on Birefringence of Anisotropic Two-Dimensional Layered Materials

Birefringence is an inherent optical property of anisotropic materials introduced by the anisotropic confinement in their crystal structures. It enables manipulation of light propagation properties (e.g., phase velocity, reflection, and refraction) for various photonic and optoelectronic applications, including waveplates and liquid crystal displays. Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with high anisotropy are currently gaining an increasing interest for polarization-integrated nanodevice applications, which advances the research on birefringent materials. In this article, we investigate the optical birefringence of three anisotropic 2D layered materials (black phosphorus (BP), rhenium disulfide (ReS2), and rhenium diselenide (ReSe2)). We demonstrate that the birefringence in BP (∼0.245) is ∼6× larger than that of ReS2 (∼0.037) and ReSe2 (∼0.047) at 520 nm and is compared to that of the current state of the art bulk materials (e.g., CaCO3). We use these 2D materials to fabricate atomically thin optical...

[1]  A. Krasheninnikov,et al.  Single-Layer ReS₂: Two-Dimensional Semiconductor with Tunable In-Plane Anisotropy. , 2015, ACS nano.

[2]  Li Yang,et al.  Quasiparticle band gaps, excitonic effects, and anisotropic optical properties of the monolayer distorted 1 T diamond-chain structures ReS 2 and ReSe 2 , 2015, 1508.03400.

[3]  A. M. van der Zande,et al.  In-Plane Anisotropy in Mono- and Few-Layer ReS2 Probed by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. , 2015, Nano letters.

[4]  F. Xia,et al.  Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films , 2014, 1404.4030.

[5]  Zhipei Sun.  Optical modulators with two-dimensional layered materials , 2016, 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS).

[6]  Hyeonsik Cheong,et al.  Anomalous polarization dependence of Raman scattering and crystallographic orientation of black phosphorus. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[7]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. , 2014, ACS nano.

[8]  P. Avouris,et al.  Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[9]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  Nanotube and graphene saturable absorbers for fibre lasers , 2013, Nature Photonics.

[10]  F. Xia,et al.  Interlayer interactions in anisotropic atomically thin rhenium diselenide , 2015, Nano Research.

[11]  Y. Akahama,et al.  Raman study of black phosphorus up to 13 GPa , 1997 .

[12]  A. Hassanien,et al.  Broadband laser polarization control with aligned carbon nanotubes. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[13]  Hua Xu,et al.  Identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus using angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[14]  M. Prato,et al.  Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[15]  J. Gómez‐Herrero,et al.  Optical Identification of Few-Layer Antimonene Crystals , 2017 .

[16]  Wenjin Zhang,et al.  Anisotropic optical and electronic properties of two-dimensional layered germanium sulfide , 2017, Nano Research.

[17]  R. Norwood,et al.  Rapid and Large-Area Characterization of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Using Third-Harmonic Generation Microscopy. , 2017, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[18]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  Graphene actively Q-switched lasers , 2017 .

[19]  Qiangfei Xia,et al.  Black Phosphorus Mid-Infrared Photodetectors with High Gain. , 2016, Nano letters.

[20]  Qun Wei,et al.  Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus , 2014, 1403.7882.

[21]  A. R. T. Nugraha,et al.  Anisotropic Electron-Photon and Electron-Phonon Interactions in Black Phosphorus. , 2016, Nano letters.

[22]  W. Cai,et al.  Visualizing Optical Phase Anisotropy in Black Phosphorus , 2016 .

[23]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. , 2014, ACS nano.

[24]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  Solution processing of graphene, topological insulators and other 2d crystals for ultrafast photonics , 2014 .

[25]  Hsin-Ying Chiu,et al.  Transient Absorption Measurements on Anisotropic Monolayer ReS2. , 2015, Small.

[26]  L. Dai,et al.  In-Plane Anisotropies of Polarized Raman Response and Electrical Conductivity in Layered Tin Selenide. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[27]  Riichiro Saito,et al.  Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes , 2005 .

[28]  Aaron M. Jones,et al.  Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[29]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  In-Plane Optical Anisotropy of Layered Gallium Telluride. , 2016, ACS nano.

[30]  Zuocheng Zhang,et al.  Direct observation of the layer-dependent electronic structure in phosphorene. , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[31]  Yiming Zhu,et al.  Anisotropic Spectroscopy and Electrical Properties of 2D ReS2(1-x) Se2x Alloys with Distorted 1T Structure. , 2017, Small.

[32]  Qing Hua Wang,et al.  Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[33]  Amos Martinez,et al.  Photon‐Pair Generation with a 100 nm Thick Carbon Nanotube Film , 2017, Advanced materials.

[34]  M. Jo,et al.  Selectively tunable optical Stark effect of anisotropic excitons in atomically thin ReS2 , 2016, Nature Communications.

[35]  F. Xia,et al.  Ultrafast graphene photodetector , 2009, CLEO/QELS: 2010 Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[36]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Production, Processing and Placement of Graphene and Two Dimensional Crystals , 2012, 1212.3319.

[37]  Harri Lipsanen,et al.  Polarization and Thickness Dependent Absorption Properties of Black Phosphorus: New Saturable Absorber for Ultrafast Pulse Generation , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[38]  Wei Ji,et al.  High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus , 2014, Nature communications.

[39]  R. L. Moreira,et al.  Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus. , 2015, ACS nano.

[40]  Lianming Tong,et al.  Birefringence-Directed Raman Selection Rules in 2D Black Phosphorus Crystals. , 2016, Small.

[41]  R. Soklaski,et al.  Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus , 2014 .

[42]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  Optical modulators with 2 D layered materials , 2016 .

[43]  Robert A Norwood,et al.  Ultra-strong nonlinear optical processes and trigonal warping in MoS2 layers , 2016, Nature Communications.

[44]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Graphene Photonics and Optoelectroncs , 2010, CLEO 2012.

[45]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals , 2012 .

[46]  J. Shan,et al.  Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides , 2016, Nature Photonics.

[47]  Wanlin Guo,et al.  Layer Identification of Colorful Black Phosphorus. , 2017, Small.

[48]  Zongfu Yu,et al.  Extraordinary photoluminescence and strong temperature/angle-dependent Raman responses in few-layer phosphorene. , 2014, ACS nano.

[49]  Hua Xu,et al.  Optical Anisotropy of Black Phosphorus in the Visible Regime. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[50]  F. Xia,et al.  Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. , 2014, Nature communications.

[51]  J. Hone,et al.  Linearly Polarized Excitons in Single- and Few-Layer ReS2 Crystals , 2016 .

[52]  Robert A Norwood,et al.  Rapid visualization of grain boundaries in monolayer MoS2 by multiphoton microscopy , 2017, Nature Communications.

[53]  Jiamin Xue,et al.  Two-Dimensional SnS: A Phosphorene Analogue with Strong In-Plane Electronic Anisotropy. , 2017, ACS nano.

[54]  Julio Gómez-Herrero,et al.  2D materials: to graphene and beyond. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[55]  Q. Cui,et al.  Strong and anisotropic third-harmonic generation in monolayer and multilayer ReS 2 , 2016, 1612.03228.

[56]  B. Luther-Davies,et al.  Atomically thin optical lenses and gratings , 2014, Light: Science & Applications.

[57]  Shoufeng Lan,et al.  Optical properties of black phosphorus , 2016 .

[58]  G. Scuseria,et al.  Hybrid functionals based on a screened Coulomb potential , 2003 .

[59]  Peide D. Ye,et al.  Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus , 2015, Nature Communications.

[60]  G. Steele,et al.  Isolation and characterization of few-layer black phosphorus , 2014, 1403.0499.