Characterization of groundwater quality using water evaluation indices, multivariate statistics and geostatistics in central Bangladesh

Abstract This study investigates the groundwater quality in the Faridpur district of central Bangladesh based on preselected 60 sample points. Water evaluation indices and a number of statistical approaches such as multivariate statistics and geostatistics are applied to characterize water quality, which is a major factor for controlling the groundwater quality in term of drinking purposes. The study reveal that EC, TDS, Ca2+, total As and Fe values of groundwater samples exceeded Bangladesh and international standards. Ground water quality index (GWQI) exhibited that about 47% of the samples were belonging to good quality water for drinking purposes. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cd), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) reveal that most of the samples belong to low level of pollution. However, Cd provide better alternative than other indices. Principle component analysis (PCA) suggests that groundwater quality is mainly related to geogenic (rock–water interaction) and anthropogenic source (agrogenic and domestic sewage) in the study area. Subsequently, the findings of cluster analysis (CA) and correlation matrix (CM) are also consistent with the PCA results. The spatial distributions of groundwater quality parameters are determined by geostatistical modeling. The exponential semivariagram model is validated as the best fitted models for most of the indices values. It is expected that outcomes of the study will provide insights for decision makers taking proper measures for groundwater quality management in central Bangladesh.

[1]  Subhash Kumar,et al.  Spatial Distribution Analysis of Groundwater Quality Index Using GIS: A Case Study ofm Ranchi Municipal Corporation(RMC) Area , 2013 .

[2]  Awwa,et al.  Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 1999 .

[3]  English Only.  THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH , 2006 .

[4]  B. Prasad,et al.  Evaluation of heavy metals in ground water near mining area and development of heavy metal pollution index , 1999 .

[5]  J. Bundschuh,et al.  Implications of organic matter on arsenic mobilization into groundwater: evidence from northwestern (Chapai-Nawabganj), central (Manikganj) and southeastern (Chandpur) Bangladesh. , 2010, Water research.

[6]  David G. Kinniburgh,et al.  Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh , 2001 .

[7]  Narottam Saha,et al.  Surface and groundwater quality assessment based on multivariate statistical techniques in the vicinity of Mohanpur, Bangladesh , 2015 .

[8]  A. E. Greenberg,et al.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater : supplement to the sixteenth edition , 1988 .

[9]  J. Akunna,et al.  Surface and groundwater water quality assessment using multivariate analytical methods: a case study of the Western Niger Delta, Nigeria , 2008 .

[10]  A. Edet,et al.  Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin (southeastern Nigeria) , 2002 .

[11]  S. Dampare,et al.  Source apportionment and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in water and sediments of Buriganga River, Bangladesh, using multivariate analysis and pollution evaluation indices , 2014, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[12]  G. Gagnon,et al.  Adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) onto the synthetic iron pipe corrosion scales (goethite and magnetite): Effect of pH , 2013 .

[13]  P. Anandhan,et al.  Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India , 2010, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[14]  H. D. Holland.  The chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans , 1978 .

[15]  J. Delhomme.  Kriging in the hydrosciences , 1978 .

[16]  J. Iqbal,et al.  Groundwater quality assessment and its correlation with gastroenteritis using GIS: a case study of Rawal Town, Rawalpindi, Pakistan , 2014, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[17]  R. Majumder,et al.  Groundwater quality for irrigation of deep aquifer in southwestern zone of Bangladesh , 2012 .

[18]  A. Elfeki,et al.  Geostatistical analysis using GIS for mapping groundwater quality: case study in the recharge area of Wadi Usfan, western Saudi Arabia , 2014, Arabian Journal of Geosciences.

[19]  G. Gagnon,et al.  Bench-scale evaluation of drinking water treatment parameters on iron particles and water quality. , 2014, Water research.

[20]  Shriful Islam,et al.  Spatial Distribution Analysis and Mapping of Groundwater Quality Parameters for the Sylhet City Corporation (SCC) Area Using GIS , 2015 .

[21]  A. Mahvi,et al.  Development of innovative computer software to facilitate the setup and computation of water quality index , 2013, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering.

[22]  Narottam Saha,et al.  Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment and water body around Dhaka export processing zone, Bangladesh , 2014, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[23]  P. K. Sikdar,et al.  Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around East Kolkata Wetlands, West Bengal, India , 2008 .

[24]  M. Mahato,et al.  GIS-Based Evaluation of Water Quality Index of Groundwater Resources in West Bokaro coalfield, India , 2014 .

[25]  Jian-jun Wu,et al.  Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils: a case study of Changxing, China , 2007 .

[26]  Evdokia Tapoglou,et al.  A spatio-temporal hybrid neural network-Kriging model for groundwater level simulation , 2014 .

[27]  T. Tarvainen,et al.  Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia , 1998 .

[28]  A. Meharg,et al.  Arsenic contamination of Bangladesh paddy field soils: implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[29]  Y. Li,et al.  Heavy metal concentrations and correlations in rain‐fed farm soils of Sifangwu village, central Gansu Province, China , 2007 .

[30]  J. E. McKenna,et al.  An enhanced cluster analysis program with bootstrap significance testing for ecological community analysis , 2003, Environ. Model. Softw..

[31]  Bably Prasad,et al.  Evaluation of the heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a limestone mining area of the lower Himalayas , 2001 .

[32]  Md. Safiqul Islam,et al.  Groundwater characterization and selection of suitable water type for irrigation in the western region of Bangladesh , 2017, Applied Water Science.

[33]  P. Burrough,et al.  Principles of geographical information systems , 1998 .

[34]  S. Ahuja.  Arsenic contamination of groundwater , 2008 .

[35]  Kao-Hung Lin,et al.  Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. , 2003, The Science of the total environment.

[36]  Shigeyuki Suzuki,et al.  Investigation of the possible sources of heavy metal contamination in lagoon and canal water in the tannery industrial area in Dhaka, Bangladesh , 2011, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[37]  Kenji Jinno,et al.  Arsenic in shallow aquifer in the eastern region of Bangladesh: insights from principal component analysis of groundwater compositions , 2010, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[38]  R. Reese.  Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists , 2001 .

[39]  M. Ali,et al.  Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh , 2006 .

[40]  A. Islam,et al.  Assessment of Health Hazard of Metal Concentration in Groundwater of Bangladesh , 2015 .

[41]  M. A. Hakim,et al.  Assessment of Groundwater Quality in A Selected Area of Bangladesh , 2000 .

[42]  F. Raihan,et al.  ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SUNAMGANJ OF BANGLADESH , 2008 .

[43]  Debashis Chakraborty,et al.  Assessment of groundwater pollution in West Delhi, India using geostatistical approach , 2010, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[44]  M. Ali,et al.  Assessment of drinking water related to arsenic and salinity hazard in Patuakhali district, Bangladesh , 2014 .

[45]  Marko Wagner,et al.  Geostatistics For Environmental Scientists , 2016 .

[46]  Narottam Saha,et al.  Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. , 2012, Food chemistry.

[47]  Carolina Mendiguchía,et al.  Using chemometric tools to assess anthropogenic effects in river water. A case study: Guadalquivir River (Spain) , 2004 .

[48]  G. Czapar,et al.  [Water quality]. , 1992, Verhandelingen - Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgie.

[49]  S. Mohan,et al.  Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index , 1996 .

[50]  Md. Salim Reza,et al.  Hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of shallow groundwater in a coastal area of Southwest Bangladesh , 2010 .

[51]  Michael Edward Hohn,et al.  An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics: by Edward H. Isaaks and R. Mohan Srivastava, 1989, Oxford University Press, New York, 561 p., ISBN 0-19-505012-6, ISBN 0-19-505013-4 (paperback), $55.00 cloth, $35.00 paper (US) , 1991 .

[52]  Dionissios T. Hristopulos,et al.  Improvement of groundwater level prediction in sparsely gauged basins using physical laws and local geographic features as auxiliary variables , 2013 .

[53]  K. Savage,et al.  Arsenate adsorption structures on aluminum oxide and phyllosilicate mineral surfaces in smelter-impacted soils. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[54]  A. Masoud.  Groundwater quality assessment of the shallow aquifers west of the Nile Delta (Egypt) using multivariate statistical and geostatistical techniques , 2014 .

[55]  Han Yongming,et al.  Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an, Central China. , 2006, The Science of the total environment.

[56]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  Factor analytical approaches for evaluating groundwater trace element chemistry data , 2003 .