A Survey of Medium Access Mechanisms for Providing QoS in Ad-Hoc Networks

In this survey we attempt to describe the Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms employed by Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols designed for ad-hoc networks. We begin with background information: an overview of the related work, the definition of QoS and QoS-related metrics, a general description of contention-free and contention-based protocols for wireless networks, a discussion of issues affecting QoS provisioning in ad-hoc networks, as well as a novel classification of the QoS mechanisms. Then, each mechanism is briefly explained and implementation examples from different protocols are provided. Furthermore, a separate section is devoted to the completed and ongoing standardization work in the field. Afterwards, an extensive comparison of salient features, advantages and disadvantages of all described MAC mechanisms is given in order to guide future protocol designers. Finally, we comment on the most probable future research directions. Based on the presented survey, we observe that QoS provisioning is not only challenging but also a significant contemporary research problem. The protocol designs presented in the literature usually involve trade-offs between certain metrics, and currently there is no ideal solution which deals with all the issues affecting ad-hoc networks. Therefore, we trust that this survey will be of great help to designers of future QoS-aware protocols.

[1]  Abraham Silberschatz,et al.  Operating System Concepts , 1983 .

[2]  S. Jamaloddin Golestani,et al.  A self-clocked fair queueing scheme for broadband applications , 1994, Proceedings of INFOCOM '94 Conference on Computer Communications.

[3]  Scott Shenker,et al.  Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture : an Overview Status of this Memo , 1994 .

[4]  A. S. Krishnakumar,et al.  Real-time traffic over the IEEE 802.11 medium access control layer , 1996, Bell Labs Technical Journal.

[5]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Asynchronous multimedia multihop wireless networks , 1997, Proceedings of INFOCOM '97.

[6]  A. M. Abdullah,et al.  Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications , 1997 .

[7]  Zheng Wang,et al.  An Architecture for Differentiated Services , 1998, RFC.

[8]  David L. Black,et al.  An Architecture for Differentiated Service , 1998 .

[9]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  Floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA) in single‐channel wireless networks , 1999, Mob. Networks Appl..

[10]  Ruay-Shiung Chang,et al.  A Priority Scheme for IEEE 802. 11 DCF Access Method , 1999 .

[11]  A. S. Krishnakumar,et al.  Quality-of-service in ad hoc carrier sense multiple access wireless networks , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[12]  Scott F. Midkiff,et al.  A real-time medium access control protocol for ad hoc wireless local area networks , 1999, MOCO.

[13]  Li Jiandong,et al.  M-DCF: a MAC protocol supporting QoS in ad hoc network , 2000, WCC 2000 - ICCT 2000. 2000 International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX420).

[14]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  An analysis of the backoff mechanism used in IEEE 802.11 networks , 2000, Proceedings ISCC 2000. Fifth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications.

[15]  Stephan Olariu,et al.  Randomized Initialization Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks , 2000, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Syst..

[16]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  A Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11 Networks in the Presence of Hidden Stations , 2000, PWC.

[17]  Chung Gu Kang,et al.  Soft reservation multiple access with priority assignment (SRMA/PA): a novel MAC protocol for QoS-guaranteed integrated services in mobile ad-hoc networks , 2000, Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.00CH37152).

[18]  Michael G. Barry,et al.  Supporting service differentiation in wireless packet networks using distributed control , 2001, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[19]  Shiann-Tsong Sheu,et al.  A bandwidth allocation/sharing/extension protocol for multimedia over IEEE 802.11 ad hoc wireless LANs , 2001, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[20]  R. Rozovsky,et al.  SEEDEX: a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks , 2001, MobiHoc '01.

[21]  Jing Deng,et al.  Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)-a multiple access control scheme for ad hoc networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[22]  Dmitri D. Perkins,et al.  A survey on quality-of-service support for mobile ad hoc networks , 2002, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[23]  P. Krishnamurthy,et al.  Starvation prevention and quality of service in wireless LANs , 2002, The 5th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications.

[24]  Abhishek Pal,et al.  MAC layer protocols for real-time traffic in ad-hoc wireless networks , 2002, Proceedings International Conference on Parallel Processing.

[25]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  PUMA - a new channel access protocol for wireless LANs , 2002, The 5th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications.

[26]  Shengming Jiang,et al.  A simple distributed PRMA for MANETs , 2002, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[27]  Edward W. Knightly,et al.  Distributed Priority Scheduling and Medium Access in Ad Hoc Networks , 2002, Wirel. Networks.

[28]  Chi-Hsiang Yeh,et al.  A power-controlled multiple access scheme for differentiated service and energy efficiency in mobile ad hoc networks and wireless LANs , 2003, 14th IEEE Proceedings on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2003. PIMRC 2003..

[29]  Chi-Hsiang Yeh,et al.  The advance access mechanism for differentiated service, power control, and radio efficiency in ad hoc MAC protocols , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[30]  Chi-Hsiang Yeh,et al.  A QoS MAC protocol for differentiated service in mobile ad hoc networks , 2003, 2003 International Conference on Parallel Processing, 2003. Proceedings..

[31]  Chun-Ting Chou,et al.  Inter-frame space (IFS) based service differentiation for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[32]  Lorenzo Donatiello,et al.  Ad hoc networks: a protocol for supporting QoS applications , 2003, Proceedings International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[33]  Chi-Hsiang Yeh,et al.  QoS differentiation mechanisms for heterogeneous wireless networks and the next-generation Internet , 2003, Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. ISCC 2003.

[34]  Akkihebbal L. Ananda,et al.  A QoS enabled MAC protocol for multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks , 2003, Conference Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, 2003..

[35]  Li-Chun Wang,et al.  NICER - a distributed wireless MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[36]  Ilenia Tinnirello,et al.  Analysis of priority mechanisms based on differentiated inter frame spacing in CSMA-CA , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[37]  Hossam S. Hassanein,et al.  CSMA/IC: a new class of collision-free MAC protocols for ad hoc wireless networks , 2003, Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. ISCC 2003.

[38]  George Pavlou,et al.  Quality of service aware MAC based on IEEE 802.11 for multihop ad-hoc networks , 2004, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8733).

[39]  Yang Xiao,et al.  Local data control and admission control for QoS support in wireless ad hoc networks , 2004, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[40]  Sylwia van den Heuvel-Romaszko,et al.  A survey of MAC protocols for Ad Hoc networks and IEEE 802.11 , 2004 .

[41]  Ionut Cardei,et al.  MAC layer QoS support for wireless networks of unmanned air vehicles , 2004, 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the.

[42]  Robin Kravets,et al.  Distributed QoS guarantees for realtime traffic in ad hoc networks , 2004, 2004 First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004. IEEE SECON 2004..

[43]  Inwhee Joe.  QoS-aware MAC with reservation for mobile ad-hoc networks , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[44]  Pravin Varaiya,et al.  WTRP - wireless token ring protocol , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[45]  Dipankar Raychaudhuri,et al.  D-LSMA: distributed link scheduling multiple access protocol for QoS in ad-hoc networks , 2004, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004. GLOBECOM '04..

[46]  Hossam S. Hassanein,et al.  Controllable fair QoS-based MAC protocols for ad hoc wireless networks , 2004, Workshops on Mobile and Wireless Networking/High Performance Scientific, Engineering Computing/Network Design and Architecture/Optical Networks Control and Management/Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks/Compil.

[47]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  A Priority MAC Protocol to Support Real-Time Traffic in Ad Hoc Networks , 2004, Wirel. Networks.

[48]  S. Van den Heuvel-Romaszko,et al.  Enhancements of the IEEE 802.11, a MAC protocol for ad hoc network with history of power adjustment , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Wireless Networks, Communications and Mobile Computing.

[49]  D. Grunwald,et al.  SoftMAC – Flexible Wireless Research Platform , 2005 .

[50]  Ilenia Tinnirello,et al.  Understanding 802.11e contention-based prioritization mechanisms and their coexistence with legacy 802.11 stations , 2005, IEEE Network.

[51]  Hossam S. Hassanein,et al.  DRCE: a high throughput QoS MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks , 2005, 10th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC'05).

[52]  Mohamed Naimi,et al.  A new IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol with admission control for sensitive multimedia applications , 2005, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[53]  Hossam S. Hassanein,et al.  Infrastructure-based MAC in wireless mobile ad-hoc networks , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[54]  Jie Wu,et al.  QoS Support in TDMA-Based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2005, Journal of Computer Science and Technology.

[55]  Paramvir Bahl,et al.  Distributed Fair Scheduling in a Wireless LAN , 2005, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[56]  Sunil Kumar,et al.  Medium Access Control protocols for ad hoc wireless networks: A survey , 2006, Ad Hoc Networks.

[57]  Hongqiang Zhai,et al.  Medium access control in mobile ad hoc networks: challenges and solutions , 2006, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[58]  George K. Karagiannidis,et al.  A New MAC Protocol with Pseudo-TDMA Behavior for Supporting Quality of Service in 802.11 Wireless LANs , 2006, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[59]  C. Siva Ram Murthy,et al.  Quality of service provisioning in ad hoc wireless networks: a survey of issues and solutions , 2006, Ad Hoc Networks.

[60]  LI Jian-dong.  A distributed synchronous reservation multiple access control protocol for mobile Ad Hoc networks , 2006 .

[61]  Lin Xiaokang,et al.  The MAC Mechanism with QoS Provision Based on Stream-Maintenance in Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, 2006 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications.

[62]  Hamid Menouar,et al.  A survey and qualitative analysis of mac protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks , 2006, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[63]  Ulf Körner,et al.  An enhancement to the IEEE 802.11e EDCA providing QoS guarantees , 2006, Telecommun. Syst..

[64]  Vikram Krishnamurthy,et al.  WLC15-6: A QoS-Based MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc WLANs , 2006, IEEE Globecom 2006.

[65]  C. Siva Ram Murthy,et al.  Providing MAC QoS for multimedia traffic in 802.11e based multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks , 2007, Comput. Networks.

[66]  David S. L. Wei,et al.  A Cognitive MAC Protocol for QoS Provisioning in Overlaying Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, 2007 4th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference.

[67]  F. De Rango,et al.  QoS-CROMA: An On-demand Time-Slotted MAC Protocol with QoS support for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, 2007 4th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems.

[68]  Shivendra S. Panwar,et al.  PSMAC: Polling Service-based Medium Access Control for Wireless Networks , 2007, 2007 5th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks and Workshops.

[69]  Kai Liu,et al.  A Novel QoS MAC Protocol for Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.

[70]  Hang Su,et al.  Clustering-Based Multichannel MAC Protocols for QoS Provisionings Over Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[71]  Injong Rhee,et al.  Rethinking wireless MAC architecture for quality of service support: Design and implementation , 2007 .

[72]  Sunil Kumar,et al.  A MAC protocol to support QoS for multimedia traffic transmission over ad hoc networks , 2007, IWCMC.

[73]  Wanjiun Liao,et al.  A Differentiated Service Model for Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) of IEEE 802.11e WLANs , 2007, Mob. Networks Appl..

[74]  Fambirai Takawira,et al.  A Hybrid Token-CDMA MAC Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[75]  Orestis Tsigkas,et al.  Providing QOS support at the distributed wireless MAC layer: a comprehensive study , 2008, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[76]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  Performance Analysis of 802.11e Networks with Hidden Nodes in a Star Topology , 2008, 2008 5th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference.

[77]  Weihua Zhuang,et al.  A New MAC Scheme Supporting Voice/Data Traffic in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[78]  M. Sarkar,et al.  A QoS and Power Aware MAC Layer Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2008, Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering - IAENG Special Edition of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2008.

[79]  Xiaojing Yuan,et al.  DS-MAC: Differential service Medium Access Control design for wireless medical information systems , 2008, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[80]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  Analysis of IEEE 802.11e Line Topology Scenarios in the Presence of Hidden Nodes , 2008, ADHOC-NOW.

[81]  Szymon Szott,et al.  Impact of Contention Window Cheating on Single-Hop IEEE 802.11e MANETs , 2008, 2008 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[82]  Stefan Mangold,et al.  IEEE 802.11s: WLAN mesh standardization and high performance extensions , 2008, IEEE Network.

[83]  Sukumar Nandi,et al.  A Strict Priority Based QoS-Aware MAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2008, ICDCIT.

[84]  Shivendra S. Panwar,et al.  On the Performance of Distributed Polling Service-based Medium Access Control , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[85]  Hai Zhao,et al.  A Multi-Channel Token Ring Protocol for Inter-Vehicle Communications , 2008, IEEE GLOBECOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[86]  Sukumar Nandi,et al.  A priority based QoS-Aware MAC protocol (PQAMP) in mobile ad hoc networks , 2008, Q2SWinet '08.

[87]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  Thorough Analysis of 802.11e Star Topology Scenarios in the Presence of Hidden Nodes , 2008, Networking.

[88]  Lei Song,et al.  AQMP: An Adaptive QoS MAC Protocol Based on IEEE802.11 in Ad Hoc Networks , 2009, 2009 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.

[89]  Szymon Szott.  Assuring QoS in Wireless Mesh Networks with Misbehaving Users , 2009, IEEE INFOCOM Workshops 2009.

[90]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  Thorough Analysis of IEEE 802.11 EDCA in Ring Topology Scenarios with Hidden and Exposed Nodes , 2009, ICCSA.

[91]  Szymon Szott,et al.  QoS Support in Multi-hop Ad-hoc Networks , 2010 .

[92]  S. M. Kamruzzaman,et al.  Dynamic TDMA slot reservation protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks , 2010, 2010 13th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT).

[93]  Maode Ma,et al.  QoS-aware cooperative medium access control for MIMO ad-hoc networks , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[94]  Srikanta Pal,et al.  A faired quality of service assured MAC protocol for Mobile Adhoc Network , 2010, 2010 Sixth International conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks.

[95]  Yichen Wang,et al.  A Throughput-Aimed MAC Protocol with QoS Provision for Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks , 2010, IEICE Trans. Commun..

[96]  Ash Mohammad Abbas,et al.  Quality of Service in mobile ad hoc networks: a survey , 2010, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[97]  Marek Natkaniec,et al.  BusySiMOn - A New Protocol for IEEE 802.11 EDCA-Based Ad-Hoc Networks with Hidden Nodes , 2010, 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010.

[98]  Susana Sargento,et al.  Supporting QoS in Integrated Ad-Hoc Networks , 2011, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[99]  Dong-Ho Cho,et al.  Multi-channel MAC protocol for QoS support in ad-hoc network , 2011, 2011 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC).

[100]  Young-Bae Ko,et al.  Modifying the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Reservation in MIMC Tactical Ad Hoc Networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Workshops of International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications.

[101]  Mun Choon Chan,et al.  SAUCeR, : a QoS-aware slotted-aloha based UWB MAC with cooperative retransmissions , 2011, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[102]  Muhammad Jaseemuddin,et al.  A Survey On MAC Protocols for Wireless Adhoc Networks with Beamforming Antennas , 2012, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[103]  Lei Guo,et al.  A new adaptive MAC protocol with QoS support based on IEEE 802.11 in ad hoc networks , 2012, Comput. Electr. Eng..