Microscopic and semimicroscopic calculations of electrostatic energies in proteins by the POLARIS and ENZYMIX programs

Different microscopic and semimicroscopic approaches for calculations of electrostatic energies in macromolecules are examined. This includes the Protein Dipoles Langevin Dipoles (PDLD) method, the semimicroscopic PDLD (PDLD/S) method, and a free energy perturbation (FEP) method. The incorporation of these approaches in the POLARIS and ENZYMIX modules of the MOLARIS package is described in detail. The PDLD electrostatic calculations are augmented by estimates of the relevant hydrophobic and steric contributions, as well as the effects of the ionic strength and external pH. Determination of the hydrophobic energy involves an approach that considers the modification of the effective surface area of the solute by local field effects. The steric contributions are analyzed in terms of the corresponding reorganization energies. Ionic strength effects are studied by modeling the ionic environment around the given system using a grid of residual charges and evaluating the relevant interaction using Coulomb's law with the dielectric constant of water. The performance of the FEP calculations is significantly enhanced by using special boundary conditions and evaluating the long‐range electrostatic contributions using the Local Reaction Field (LRF) model. A diverse set of electrostatic effects are examined, including the solvation energies of charges in proteins and solutions, energetics of ion pairs in proteins and solutions, interaction between surface charges in proteins, and effect of ionic strength on such interactions, as well as electrostatic contributions to binding and catalysis in solvated proteins. Encouraging results are obtained by the microscopic and semimicroscopic approaches and the problems associated with some macroscopic models are illustrated. The PDLD and PDLD/S methods appear to be much faster than the FEP approach and still give reasonable results. In particular, the speed and simplicity of the PDLD/S method make it an effective strategy for calculations of electrostatic free energies in interactive docking studies. Nevertheless, comparing the results of the three approaches can provide a useful estimate of the accuracy of the calculated energies. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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