Channel Magnitude-Based MIMO With Energy Detection for Internet of Things Applications

In this article, three low complexity multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receivers using energy detection and multilevel amplitude-shift keying (ASK) for Internet of Things (IoT) applications are described. To circumvent the inherent nonlinearity of the noncoherent MIMO system, an equivalent linear system model for the channel is introduced. This allows the proposed receivers to be configured analogously to coherent-based approaches. The tradeoff is that increased numbers of receive antennas need to be used but the overall complexity is decreased compared to existing noncoherent approaches. The receivers can also easily be integrated with energy harvesting systems. The three receiver structures considered are zero forcing (ZF), ZF with ordered successive interference cancellation (ZF-OSIC), and weighted envelope detection (WENVD), and their performance in flat Rayleigh fading channels with multilevel ASK is investigated. For the WENVD receiver, the error performance under the condition of high signal-to-noise ratio is also analyzed, and closed form approximations of the conditional (conditioned on the channel matrix) symbol vector error probability (SEP) and the average of the conditional SEP are derived. It is found that the ZF receiver has the lowest complexity and the WENVD receiver the highest; however, error performance comparison through numerical results reveals that the WENVD receiver has the best performance and the ZF-OSIC receiver has the next best. When combined with multiport energy harvesting technology the receivers have significant potential for use in IoT.