Soar-RWA: Planning, Teamwork, and Intelligent Behavior for Synthetic Rotary Wing Aircraft

1. Abstract We have constructed a team of intelligent agents that perform the tasks of an Army attack helicopter company and a Marine transport/escort combined team for a synthetic battlefield environment used for running largescale military exercises. We have used the Soar integrated architecture to develop: (1) pilot agents for a company of helicopters, (2) a command agent that makes decisions and plans for the helicopter company, and (3) an approach to teamwork that enables the pilot agents to coordinate their activities in accomplishing the goals of the company. This case study describes the task domain and architecture of our application, as well as the benefits and lessons learned from applying AI technology to this domain.

[1]  M. F. Mar,et al.  ModSAF Behavior Simulation and Control , 1993 .

[2]  Patrick J. Hayes,et al.  A Representation For Robot Plans , 1975, IJCAI.

[3]  Sam Steel,et al.  Integrating Planning, Execution and Monitoring , 1988, AAAI.

[4]  Randolph M. Jones,et al.  A symbolic solution to intelligent real-time control , 1993, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[5]  Milind Tambe.  Teamwork in Real-World, Dynamic Environments. , 1996 .

[6]  A. Newell.  Unified Theories of Cognition , 1990 .

[7]  Milind Tambe,et al.  Intelligent Agents for Interactive Simulation Environments , 1995, AI Mag..

[8]  Marnie R. Salisbury,et al.  MITRE INFORMAL REPORT Synthetic Theater of War Project Modeling and Simulation Technical Center Command Forces ( CFOR ) Program Status Report , 1996 .

[9]  Martha E. Pollack,et al.  The Uses of Plans , 1992, Artif. Intell..

[10]  P. Schönemann.  On artificial intelligence , 1985, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[11]  James A. Hendler,et al.  HTN Planning: Complexity and Expressivity , 1994, AAAI.

[12]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  Controlling Cooperative Problem Solving in Industrial Multi-Agent Systems Using Joint Intentions , 1995, Artif. Intell..

[13]  Randall W. Hill,et al.  Intelligent Agents for the Synthetic Battlefield: A Company of Rotary Wing Aircraft , 1997, AAAI/IAAI.

[14]  Daniel S. Weld,et al.  UCPOP: A Sound, Complete, Partial Order Planner for ADL , 1992, KR.

[15]  Asha Rao,et al.  Agent-oriented architecture for air combat simulation , 1993 .

[16]  Tom Michael Mitchell,et al.  Explanation-based generalization: A unifying view , 1986 .

[17]  Lashon B. Booker,et al.  Implementation of Command Forces (CFOR) Simulation , 1995 .

[18]  Hector J. Levesque,et al.  Confirmations and Joint Action , 1991, IJCAI.

[19]  Richard Fikes,et al.  STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving , 1971, IJCAI.

[20]  John E. Laird,et al.  Integrating, Execution, Planning, and Learning in Soar for External Environments , 1990, AAAI.

[21]  Milind Tambe.  Recursive Agent and Agent-Group Tracking in a Real-Time Dynamic Environment , 1995, ICMAS.

[22]  R. James Firby,et al.  An Investigation into Reactive Planning in Complex Domains , 1987, AAAI.

[23]  John E. Laird,et al.  The soar papers : research on integrated intelligence , 1993 .

[24]  Milind Tambe,et al.  Tracking Dynamic Team Activity , 1996, AAAI/IAAI, Vol. 1.

[25]  Austin Tate,et al.  Generating Project Networks , 1977, IJCAI.