Development of endotokia matricida and emergence of originating infective juveniles of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes

Development of endotokia matricida and emergence of originating infective juveniles from maternal cadavers were comparatively investigated in vivo and in vitro for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. In the host insect Galleria mellonella larvae, endotokia matricida develop more fast and frequently in the 1st to 3rd generation females of the heterorhabditid than of the two steinernematids. The ratio of females bearing endotokia matricida increased with the increase of the inoculum size from 25 to 1,600 per host insect. The infective juveniles produced via endotokia matricida emerged mainly from natural openings of the maternal cadavers for the two steinernematid nematodes, while those of the heterorhabditid did mainly transcuticularly. Under in vitro conditions, induction rate of endotokia matricida was higher in RINGER'S solution than on nutrient agar amended with or without the symbiotic bacteria of respective nematode species. Jpn. J. Nematol. 31 (1/2) : 26-36 (2001).

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