Motion management in gastrointestinal cancers.

The presence of tumor and organ motions complicates the planning and delivery of radiotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers. Without proper accounting of the movements, target volume could be under-dosed and the nearby normal critical organs could be over-dosed. This situation is further exacerbated by the close proximity of abdominal tumors to many normal organs at risk (OARs). A number of strategies have been developed to deal with tumor and organ motions in radiotherapy. This article presents a review of the techniques used in the evaluation, quantification, and management of tumor and organ motions for radiotherapy of gastrointestinal cancers.

[1]  C. Hurt,et al.  Respiratory movement of upper abdominal organs and its effect on radiotherapy planning in pancreatic cancer. , 2009, Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)).

[2]  Eric C Ford,et al.  Use of respiratory-correlated four-dimensional computed tomography to determine acceptable treatment margins for locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. , 2010, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[3]  B. Erickson,et al.  Comparison of various online strategies to account for interfractional variations for pancreatic cancer. , 2013, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[4]  Radhe Mohan,et al.  Evaluation of respiratory-induced target motion for esophageal tumors at the gastroesophageal junction. , 2007, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[5]  Riccardo Calandrino,et al.  Simultaneous tumour dose escalation and liver sparing in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for liver tumours due to CTV-to-PTV margin reduction. , 2008, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[6]  T Mizowaki,et al.  The effectiveness of an immobilization device in conformal radiotherapy for lung tumor: reduction of respiratory tumor movement and evaluation of the daily setup accuracy. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[7]  S. Bai,et al.  Hypofraction radiotherapy of liver tumor using cone beam computed tomography guidance combined with active breath control by long breath-holding. , 2012, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[8]  Michael Velec,et al.  Effect of breathing motion on radiotherapy dose accumulation in the abdomen using deformable registration. , 2011, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[9]  Hiroshi Asakura,et al.  Four-dimensional measurement of intrafractional respiratory motion of pancreatic tumors using a 256 multi-slice CT scanner. , 2009, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[10]  Daniel Normolle,et al.  Characterization of pancreatic tumor motion using cine MRI: surrogates for tumor position should be used with caution. , 2007, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[11]  Y. Ung,et al.  Deep inspiration breath hold to reduce irradiated heart volume in breast cancer patients , 2000, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (Cat. No.00CH37143).

[12]  Jiazhou Wang,et al.  Incorporating breath holding and image guidance in the adjuvant gastric cancer radiotherapy: a dosimetric study , 2012, Radiation oncology.

[13]  Ben Heijmen,et al.  Reduction of respiratory liver tumor motion by abdominal compression in stereotactic body frame, analyzed by tracking fiducial markers implanted in liver. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[14]  Rudy Guerra,et al.  Determination of respiratory motion for distal esophagus cancer using four-dimensional computed tomography. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[15]  J. McGahan,et al.  Ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion. , 2001, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[16]  M Engelsman,et al.  The effect of breathing and set-up errors on the cumulative dose to a lung tumor. , 2001, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[17]  H Shirato,et al.  Three-dimensional movement of a liver tumor detected by high-speed magnetic resonance imaging. , 1999, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[18]  C C Ling,et al.  The deep inspiration breath-hold technique in the treatment of inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. , 2000, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[19]  H. Shirato,et al.  Synchronous monitoring of external/internal respiratory motion: validity of respiration-gated radiotherapy for liver tumors , 2009, Japanese Journal of Radiology.

[20]  E. Mok,et al.  Dosimetric analysis of organs at risk during expiratory gating in stereotactic body radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer. , 2013, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[21]  Marcel van Herk,et al.  Errors and margins in radiotherapy. , 2004, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[22]  J. Wong,et al.  The use of active breathing control (ABC) to reduce margin for breathing motion. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[23]  Mitsuhiro Nakamura,et al.  Guidelines for respiratory motion management in radiation therapy , 2012, Journal of radiation research.

[24]  L. Dawson,et al.  Individualized image guided iso-NTCP based liver cancer SBRT , 2006, Acta oncologica.

[25]  Hypofractionated image-guided breath-hold SABR (Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy) of liver metastases – clinical results , 2012, Radiation oncology.

[26]  Gregory C Sharp,et al.  A four-dimensional computed tomography analysis of multiorgan abdominal motion. , 2012, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[27]  W. Stanford,et al.  Analysis of movement of intrathoracic neoplasms using ultrafast computerized tomography. , 1990, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[28]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Liver motion during cone beam computed tomography guided stereotactic body radiation therapy. , 2012, Medical physics.

[29]  Erik Tryggestad,et al.  Respiration-based sorting of dynamic MRI to derive representative 4D-MRI for radiotherapy planning. , 2013, Medical physics.

[30]  Gikas S. Mageras,et al.  Fluoroscopic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion reduction with a respiratory gated radiotherapy system , 2001, Journal of applied clinical medical physics.

[31]  M. Moerland,et al.  Quantification of esophageal tumor motion on cine-magnetic resonance imaging. , 2014, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[32]  Icru.  Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy , 1993 .

[33]  Shinichi Shimizu,et al.  Tumor location, cirrhosis, and surgical history contribute to tumor movement in the liver, as measured during stereotactic irradiation using a real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[34]  Shinichi Shimizu,et al.  Organ motion in image-guided radiotherapy: lessons from real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy , 2007, International Journal of Clinical Oncology.

[35]  Martin J Murphy,et al.  Issues in respiratory motion compensation during external-beam radiotherapy. , 2002, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[36]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Effects of motion on the total dose distribution. , 2004, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[37]  Jay Burmeister,et al.  Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and concurrent capecitabine for pancreatic cancer. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[38]  G Harauz,et al.  Comparison of the liver's respiratory motion in the supine and upright positions: concise communication. , 1979, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[39]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Reduction of organ motion effects in IMRT and conformal 3D radiation delivery by using gating and tracking techniques. , 2006, Cancer radiotherapie : journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique.

[40]  Benedick A Fraass,et al.  Adequacy of inhale/exhale breathhold CT based ITV margins and image-guided registration for free-breathing pancreas and liver SBRT , 2014, Radiation oncology.

[41]  Eric C Ford,et al.  Measurement of lung tumor motion using respiration-correlated CT. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[42]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. , 2006, Medical physics.

[43]  M. Scorsetti,et al.  SBRT in unresectable advanced pancreatic cancer: preliminary results of a mono-institutional experience , 2013, Radiation oncology.

[44]  R C Grimm,et al.  Respiratory kinematics of the upper abdominal organs: A quantitative study , 1992, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[45]  Rebecca Slack,et al.  Stereotactic body radiation therapy with concurrent full-dose gemcitabine for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a pilot trial demonstrating safety , 2013, Radiation oncology.

[46]  J. Sanabria,et al.  Cyberknife Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Nonresectable Tumors of the Liver: Preliminary Results , 2010, HPB surgery : a world journal of hepatic, pancreatic and biliary surgery.

[47]  Andrzej Niemierko,et al.  Implications of respiratory motion as measured by four-dimensional computed tomography for radiation treatment planning of esophageal cancer. , 2009, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[48]  X Allen Li,et al.  Management of respiration-induced motion with 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) for pancreas irradiation. , 2013, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[49]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  An experimental investigation on intra-fractional organ motion effects in lung IMRT treatments. , 2003, Physics in medicine and biology.

[50]  K. Ohtomo,et al.  Patient setup error and day-to-day esophageal motion error analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography in radiation therapy , 2010, Acta oncologica.

[51]  Lei Xing,et al.  Stereotactic body radiation therapy in multiple organ sites. , 2007, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[52]  B. Heijmen,et al.  Geometrical uncertainties, radiotherapy planning margins, and the ICRU-62 report. , 2002, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[53]  Randall K Ten Haken,et al.  Alterations in normal liver doses due to organ motion. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.