Global Regulation: Controlling and Accepting Radioactivity Risks

This paper examines the determining role of nuclear hazards in the emergence of a new category of risks—‘global risks’. It retraces how an international structure for expertise and regulation of these risks was constructed as a result of American foreign policy, international relations in the context of the Cold War, public mobilization against nuclear weapons, criticism and demands for ‘social measures’ as well as scientific research interests and professional legitimatization. By focusing on the role of scientists in this process, this paper aims to discuss the political and social role of these regulatory activities.

[1]  Gabrielle Hecht.  Negotiating Global Nuclearities: , 2006, Osiris.

[2]  Lawrence S. Wittner.  The Struggle Against The Bomb , 1993 .

[3]  L. A. Bruno.  The bequest of the nuclear battlefield: Science, nature, and the atom during the first decade of the Cold War , 2003 .

[4]  Ronald E. Doel,et al.  Constituting the Postwar Earth Sciences , 2003 .

[5]  Lauriston Sale Taylor,et al.  Organization for radiation protection: The operations of the ICRP and NCRP, 1928-1974 , 1979 .

[6]  J. Krige.  Atoms for Peace, Scientific Internationalism, and Scientific Intelligence , 2006, Osiris.

[7]  Lawrence S. Wittner.  Resisting the bomb : a history of the world nuclear disarmament movement, 1954-1970 , 1998 .

[8]  J. A. Gibson.  History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years , 1998 .

[9]  E. Lewis,et al.  Leukemia and Ionizing Radiation , 1957, Science.

[10]  Karl Z. Morgan.  HISTORY OF RADIATION PROTECTION. , 1971 .

[11]  M. Terris.  The Angry Genie: One Man's Walk through the Nuclear Age , 2002 .

[12]  David Fischer,et al.  History of the International Atomic Energy Agency The First Forty Years , 1997 .

[13]  Jacob Darwin Hamblin,et al.  Oceanographers and the Cold War: Disciples of Marine Science , 2005 .

[14]  Spencer R. Weart,et al.  Global Warming, Cold War, and the Evolution of Research Plans , 1997 .

[15]  J. Hughes.  The strath report: britain confronts the H‐Bomb, 1954–1955 , 2003 .

[16]  E. Carlson,et al.  Genes, radiation, and society: The life and work of H.J. Muller , 1981 .

[17]  B. Goldschmidt.  L'aventure atomique : ses aspects politiques et techniques , 1962 .

[18]  R. Lapp,et al.  Radiation : what it is and how it affects you , 1957 .

[19]  J. Crow.  Genes, radiation, and society: The life and work of H. J. Muller. , 1982 .

[20]  C. Kopp.  The Origins of the American Scientific Debate over Fallout Hazards , 1979, Social studies of science.

[21]  M. V. Creveld.  The Struggle against the Bomb. Vol. 1: One World or None: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement through 1953. By Lawrence S. Wittner. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993. xviii, 456 pp. $29.95, ISBN 0-8047-2141-6.) , 1994 .

[22]  Susan Lindee.  Elements of Controversy: The Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1947-1974. Barton C. Hacker , 1995 .

[23]  Roger L. Geiger,et al.  The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford , 1993 .

[24]  K. Williams.  The Hazards to Man of Nuclear and Allied Radiations , 1961, The Eugenics review.

[25]  R. W. Baalman,et al.  Radioactivity and Health: A History , 1989 .

[26]  B. Lindell.  A History of Radiation Protection , 1996 .

[27]  J. M. Valentine.  The Hazards to Man of Nuclear and Allied Radiations , 1961 .

[28]  J. Hamblin.  Hallowed Lords of the Sea: , 2006, Osiris.

[29]  Daniel R. Headrick,et al.  Spying without Spies: Origins of America’s Secret Nuclear Surveillance System by Charles A. Ziegler, David Jacobson (review) , 1995, Technology and Culture.

[30]  A. Winkler.  Hopes and Fears: By the Bomb's Early Light. , 1986, Science.

[31]  R. Lapp.  The voyage of the Lucky Dragon , 1958 .

[32]  Merril Eisenbud,et al.  Environmental Radioactivity - From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources, Fourth Edition , 1987 .

[33]  Spencer R. Weart,et al.  Nuclear Fear: A History of Images , 1989 .

[34]  H. Wintz,et al.  Protective Measures against Dangers Arising from the Use of Radium, Roentgen, and Ultra-Violet Rays , 1932, The Indian Medical Gazette.

[35]  G. Scott-Smith.  American hegemony and the postwar reconstruction of science in Europe , 2009 .

[36]  Lawrence S. Wittner.  One world or none : a history of the world nuclear disarmament movement through 1953 , 1993 .

[37]  J. Hamblin.  ‘A Dispassionate and Objective Effort:’ Negotiating the First Study on the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation , 2007, Journal of the history of biology.

[38]  J. Samuel Walker,et al.  By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age by Paul Boyer (review) , 1986 .

[39]  S. Shenfield.  Nuclear fear: a history of images , 1988 .

[40]  A. Soiland.  The Second International Congress of Radiology , 1928 .

[41]  F. Putnam,et al.  Suffering Made Real: American Science and the Survivors at Hiroshima , 1995 .

[42]  B. Hacker,et al.  Atoms for Peace and War 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission by Richard G. Hewlett, Jack M. Holl (review) , 1989, Technology and Culture.

[43]  D. Pestré,et al.  Les sciences pour la guerre : 1940-1960 , 2004 .

[44]  Jacob Darwin Hamblin,et al.  Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century , 2000 .