Land Grabbing and Global Governance: Critical Perspectives

Land grabbing has emerged as a significant issue in contemporary global governance that cuts across the fields of development, investment, food security, among others. Whereas land grabbing per se is not a new phenomenon, having historical precedents in the era of imperialism, the character, scale, pace, orientation, and key drivers of the recent wave of land grabs is a distinct historical phenomenon closely tied to major shifts in power and production in the global political economy. Land grabbing is facilitated by ever greater flows of capital, goods, and ideas across borders, and these flows occur through axes of power that are far more polycentric than the North–South imperialist tradition. In this introduction we argue that land grabbing speaks to many of the core questions of globalization studies. However, we note scholars of globalization have yet to deeply engage with this new field. We situate land grabbing in an era of advanced capitalism, multiple global crises, and the role of new configurations of power and resistance in global governance institutions. The essays in this collection contribute to identifying land grabbing as an important and urgent topic for theoretical and empirical investigations to deepen our understanding of contemporary globalization and governance. El acaparamiento de tierras aparece como un tema importante en la gobernanza global contemporánea, que afecta a los campos del desarrollo, las inversiones y la seguridad alimentaria, entre otros. En tanto que el acaparamiento de tierras en sí no es un fenómeno nuevo, el hecho de tener precedentes históricos en las eras del imperialismo, el carácter, la escala, el ritmo, la orientación y los impulsores claves de la reciente ola del acaparamiento de tierras, es un fenómeno histórico estrechamente relacionado a cambios mayores en el poder y la producción en la economía política global. Se ha facilitado el acaparamiento de tierras por mayores flujos de capital, bienes e ideas a través de las fronteras, y estas corrientes ocurren a través de ejes de poder que son mucho más policéntricos que la tradición imperialista norte-sur. En esta introducción sostenemos que el acaparamiento de tierras trata sobre muchos de los asuntos de los estudios de la globalización. Sin embargo, advertimos que los académicos de la globalización todavía tienen que comprometerse profundamente con este nuevo campo. Situamos el acaparamiento de tierras en una era del capitalismo avanzado, múltiples crisis globales y la función de nuevas configuraciones del poder y la resistencia en las instituciones de gobernanza global. Los artículos en esta colección contribuyen a identificar el acaparamiento de tierras como un tema importante y urgente para las investigaciones teóricas y empíricas para profundizar nuestro conocimiento de la globalización y gobernanza global. 掠夺土地已成为跨越开发、投资、食品安全以及其它领域的当代全球治理中的一个重要问题。 虽然掠夺土地本质上并不是一个新现象,有着帝国主义时代的历史先例,最近的土地掠夺浪潮的特点、规模、速度、方向、主要驱动力是一种特殊的历史现象,并与权力的主要变迁以及全球性政治经济的状况密切相关。资本、商品、理念曾经的大量跨国流动促进了土地掠夺,而且这些流动发生在比南北帝国主义传统更加多中心的权力的轴心。在导论中我们认为,土地掠夺谈论的就是全球化研究中的很多核心问题。然而,我们注意到研究全球化的学者们尚未深入涉及这一新的领域。我们把土地掠夺定位在一个这样的时代——发达资本主义制度、全球多重危机以及全球治理机构中动力、阻力角色的重新分配。本文把土地掠夺界定为理论与实证调查的一个重要而迫切的议题,以此来深化我们对当代全球化与全球治理的理解。 المعاصرة، تتقاطع مع قضايا التنمية والاستثمار والأمن الغذائي وغيرها. وإذا كان الاستيلاء على الأراضي لا يُعد ظاهرةً جديدةً في حد ذاته، فإن طابع الموجة الأخيرة من عمليات الاستيلاء على الأراضي، ونطاقها وتوجهها والفاعلين الرئيسيين فيها، يُمثل ظاهرةً تاريخيةً جديدة مرتبطة بالتحولات الرئيسية في السلطة والإنتاج في الاقتصاد السياسي العالمي. ومما يُسهل عملية الاستيلاء على الأراضي التدفقات غير المسبوقة لرؤوس الأموال والسلع والأفكار عبر الحدود، وهي التدفقات التي تتم من خلال محاور للسلطة متعددة المراكز تتجاوز المحور الإمبريالي التقليدي بين الشمال والجنوب. ونطرح في المقدمة الحالية فكرة مؤداها أن الاستيلاء على الأراضي يتعلق بكثير من القضايا الرئيسية في دراسات العولمة. غير أننا نلاحظ أن الباحثين المتخصصين في العولمة لم ينخرطوا بعمق بعد في هذا المجال الجديد. ونحاول هنا وضع مسألة الاستيلاء على الأراضي في سياق عصر الرأسمالية المتقدمة، والأزمات العالمية المتعددة، ودور التشكيلات الجديدة للسلطة والمقاومة في مؤسسات الحوكمة العالمية. وتسهم المقالات الواردة ضمن هذه المجموعة في تشخيص قضية الاستيلاء على الأراضي كموضوع مهم ومُلح يحتاج إلى المزيد من الجهود النظرية والبحوث التطبيقية من أجل تعميق فهمنا للعولمة والحوكمة المعاصرتين 토지 점유가 다른 무엇보다도 개발, 투자, 식량안보 분야를 아우르는 현대 지구적 거버넌스에서 중요한 쟁점으로 부각되었다. 토지점유 자체가 제국주의 시대에서 전례가 있어서 역사적으로 새로운 현상은 아니지만, 최근 토지점유의 성격, 규모, 속도, 정향과 핵심적인 동인들은 지구적 정치경제학에서 주요한 변화와 연계되어 있는 독특한 역사적 현상이다. 토지 점유는 계속해서 증대되고 있는 국경을 뛰어 넘는 자본, 상품과 아이디어의 흐름에 의해서 촉진되고 있고, 이러한 흐름들은 남과 북의 제국주의 전통보다 더 다극적인 권력의 축을 통해서 이루어지고 있다. 우리는 서론에서 토지 점유가 세계화 연구의 핵심적인 질문과 관련되어 있다는 점을 주장한다. 그렇지만, 우리는 세계화 연구자들이 이러한 분야에 대해서 심도있게 관심을 기울이지 못했다고 주장한다. 우리는 토지 점유를 고도 자본주의 시대, 다중적인 지구적 위기, 지구적 거버넌스 제도의 권력과 저항의 새로운 구성 속에 위치시키고자 한다. 이번 호의 논문들은 토지 점유가 오늘날의 세계화와 거너번스에 대한 심도 있는 이해를 위한 이론적, 경험적 연구에서 중요하고 긴급한 주제라는 점을 확인시키는데 기여한다. Захват земель стал серьезной проблемой современного глобального управления, которая, среди прочих, охватывает области развития, инвестиций и продовольственную безопасность. В то время как захват земель само по себе явление не новое, уже имевшее исторические прецеденты в эпоху империализма, характер, масштабы, темпы, ориентация и ключевые факторы недавней волны захватов являются самостоятельным историческим явлением, тесно связанным с основными изменениями в производственных мощностях и глобальной политической экономике. Захват земель способствует увеличению потоков капитала, товаров и идей через границы и эти потоки проходят через оси власти, которые гораздо более полицентричны, нежели империалистические традиции Север-Юг. В этом введении мы постулируем, что проблема захвата земель связана со многими важными вопросами в исследовании глобализации. Заметим, однако, что ученые, занимающимся вопросами глобализации, необходимо обращать более пристальное внимание на эту новую область. Мы располагаем таким фактом, как захват земель в эпоху развитого капитализма и многократных глобальных кризисов, а также роли новой конфигурации власти в сопротивлении глобальным институтам управления. Этот сборник эссе способствует выявлению феномена захвата земель в качестве важной и актуальной темы для теоретических и эмпирических исследований, помогающих углубить наше понимание современной глобализации и управления.

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