Thermoanalytical investigation of ancient pottery

Ceramic potsherds excavated in Biskupice (Banovce County, Slovakia) dated to the Hallstatt culture (8th to 6th centuries BC) were investigated by TGA, thermodilatometry (TDA) and XRD analysis. It was found that the samples consisted of illite/muscovite, feldspar and quartz. Their thermal behavior was typical for ceramics buried in soil for a long time: the mass loss (∼3 mass%) due to escaping the physically bound water (from room temperature to 300 °C) was followed by a gradual mass loss from dehydroxylation (∼3 mass%) as a consequence of the former rehydroxylation. Above the temperature 800 °C a rapid shrinkage of samples was observed in TDA curves. As follows from these results, maximal firing temperatures did not exceed 800 °C.

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