Inorganic mass spectrometry as a tool for characterisation at the nanoscale

AbstractInorganic mass spectrometry techniques may offer great potential for the characterisation at the nanoscale, because they provide unique elemental information of great value for a better understanding of processes occurring at nanometre-length dimensions. Two main groups of techniques are reviewed: those allowing direct solid analysis with spatial resolution capabilities, i.e. lateral (imaging) and/or in-depth profile, and those for the analysis of liquids containing colloids. In this context, the present capabilities of widespread elemental mass spectrometry techniques such as laser ablation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), glow discharge mass spectrometry and secondary ion/neutral mass spectrometry are described and compared through selected examples from various scientific fields. On the other hand, approaches for the characterisation (i.e. size, composition, presence of impurities, etc.) of colloidal solutions containing nanoparticles by the well-established ICP-MS technique are described. In this latter case, the capabilities derived from the on-line coupling of separation techniques such as field-flow fractionation and liquid chromatography with ICP-MS are also assessed. Finally, appealing trends using ICP-MS for bioassays with biomolecules labelled with nanoparticles are delineated. FigureInorganic mass spectrometry: an emerging tool for nanotechnology

[1]  A. L. Gray.  Solid sample introduction by laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry , 1985 .

[2]  H. W. Werner,et al.  Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends , 1987 .

[3]  Alfred Benninghoven.  Chemical Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Surfaces and Thin Films by Static Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) , 1994 .

[4]  S. Gendt,et al.  Parameter evaluation for the analysis of oxide-based samples with radio frequency glow discharge mass spectrometry , 1995 .

[5]  A. Alivisatos.  Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots , 1996, Science.

[6]  Xiaogang Peng,et al.  Epitaxial Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Photostability and Electronic Accessibility , 1997 .

[7]  R. Steiner,et al.  Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with a Pulsed Glow Discharge Ionization Source. , 1997, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  J. Goschnick,et al.  Depth profiling of non-conductive oxidic multilayers with plasma-based SNMS in HF-mode , 1998 .

[9]  Akbar Montaser,et al.  Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 1998 .

[10]  Steven Frederick Durrant,et al.  Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: achievements, problems, prospects , 1999 .

[11]  W. Harrison,et al.  Influence of discharge parameters on the resolution of depth profiling by pulsed glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry , 2000 .

[12]  S. Doorn,et al.  Characterization of a Pulsed Glow Discharge Laser Ablation System Using Optical Emission , 2000 .

[13]  David H. Smith,et al.  Inorganic mass spectrometry , 2000 .

[14]  A. Wokaun,et al.  Nanoscale atmospheric pressure laser ablation-mass spectrometry. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  H. Jenett,et al.  Depth profiling of electrically non-conductive layered samples by RF-GDOES and HFM plasma SNMS , 2001 .

[16]  M. Bolshov,et al.  Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation , 2001 .

[17]  D. Günther,et al.  Effect of particle size distribution on ICP-induced elemental fractionation in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry , 2002 .

[18]  S. Tanner,et al.  A sensitive and quantitative element-tagged immunoassay with ICPMS detection. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  J. Becker.  Applications of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in materials science , 2002 .

[20]  R. Barnes,et al.  Flow field-flow fractionation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of chemical mechanical polishing slurries , 2002 .

[21]  H. Arlinghaus,et al.  Surface and Thin‐Film Analysis , 2002 .

[22]  S. Tanner,et al.  Reaction cells and collision cells for ICP-MS: a tutorial review , 2002 .

[23]  Jinjun Shi,et al.  Application of the biological conjugate between antibody and colloid Au nanoparticles as analyte to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  S. Tanner,et al.  Simultaneous determination of proteins using an element-tagged immunoassay coupled with ICP-MS detection , 2002 .

[25]  D. Lipinsky,et al.  Subcellular imaging of freeze-fractured cell cultures by TOF-SIMS and Laser-SNMS , 2003 .

[26]  R. Pereiro,et al.  Analytical potential of a glow discharge chamber coupled to a time of flight mass spectrometer for qualitative in-depth profile analysis , 2003 .

[27]  P. Hoppe,et al.  A NanoSIMS study of Si- and Ca-Ti-isotopic compositions of presolar silicon carbide grains from supernovae , 2003 .

[28]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Nonaqueous electrophoresis microchip separations: conductivity detection in UV-absorbing solvents. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[29]  W. Hang,et al.  Time-gated pulsed glow discharge: real-time chemical speciation at the elemental, structural, and molecular level for gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  D. Günther,et al.  Peer Reviewed: Laser Ablation-ICPMS , 2003 .

[31]  V. Hoffmann,et al.  Present possibilities of thin‐layer analysis by GDOES , 2003 .

[32]  Kay Niemax,et al.  Application of femtosecond laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry to in-depth multilayer analysis. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[33]  J. Goschnick,et al.  Single particle MS, SNMS, SIMS, XPS, and FTIR spectroscopic analysis of soot particles during the AIDA campaign , 2003 .

[34]  Per Malmberg,et al.  Bioimaging TOF‐SIMS: localization of cholesterol in rat kidney sections , 2004, FEBS letters.

[35]  J. Audinot,et al.  Imaging of arsenic traces in human hair by nano-SIMS 50 , 2004 .

[36]  F. Halgand,et al.  Tissue molecular ion imaging by gold cluster ion bombardment. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[37]  M. R. Winchester,et al.  Radio-frequency glow discharge spectrometry:. A critical review , 2004 .

[38]  D. Lipinsky,et al.  Subcellular imaging of cell cultures and tissue for boron localization with laser‐SNMS , 2004 .

[39]  K. Shimizu,et al.  Rf-GDOES depth profiling analysis of a monolayer of thiourea adsorbed on copper , 2004 .

[40]  K. Wagatsuma,et al.  Development of a Laser Ablation-Hollow Cathode Glow Discharge Emission Source and the Application to the Analysis of Steel Samples , 2004, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[41]  T. Pettke,et al.  Laser-ablation ICP-MS analysis of silicate and sulfide melt inclusions in an andesitic complex I: analytical approach and data evaluation , 2004 .

[42]  H. Arlinghaus,et al.  Quantitative imaging of atomic and molecular species in cancer cell cultures with TOF-SIMS and laser-SNMS , 2004 .

[43]  B. Tomiyasu,et al.  Evaluation of the nano-beam SIMS apparatus , 2004 .

[44]  O. Anderson,et al.  Surface and depth profile analysis of insulating samples by TOF-SIMS , 2004 .

[45]  Arben Merkoçi,et al.  Toward an ICPMS-linked DNA assay based on gold nanoparticles immunoconnected through peptide sequences. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  J. Goschnick,et al.  SNMS investigations of platinum-doped nanogranular tin dioxide layers , 2005 .

[47]  Detlef Günther,et al.  Solid sample analysis using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 2005 .

[48]  D. Günther,et al.  Quantification of aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and alcohol mixtures at the elemental, structural, and parent molecular ion level. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[49]  V. Colvin,et al.  Characterization of nanocrystalline CdSe by size exclusion chromatography. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  A. Roda,et al.  Field-flow fractionation and biotechnology. , 2005, Trends in biotechnology.

[51]  A combined SNMS and EFTEM/EELS study on focused ion beam prepared vanadium nitride thin films , 2005 .

[52]  V. Hoffmann,et al.  Glow discharge mass spectrometry , 2005, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[53]  M. Betti.  Isotope ratio measurements by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) , 2005 .

[54]  Alain Croisy,et al.  Progress in analytical imaging of the cell by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS microscopy). , 2005, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[55]  J. Michler,et al.  Pulsed r.f.‐glow‐discharge time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for fast surface and interface analysis of conductive and non‐conductive materials , 2006 .

[56]  R. Pereiro,et al.  Glow-discharge spectrometry for direct analysis of thin and ultra-thin solid films , 2006 .

[57]  J. Pisonero.  Glow discharge spectroscopy for depth profile analysis: from micrometer to sub-nanometer layers , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[58]  J. Becker,et al.  Evidence of near-field laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (NF-LA-ICP-MS) at nanometre scale for elemental and isotopic analysis on gels and biological samples , 2006 .

[59]  Claude Degueldre,et al.  Gold colloid analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in a single particle mode , 2006 .

[60]  C. Quintana,et al.  Study of the localization of iron, ferritin, and hemosiderin in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus by analytical microscopy at the subcellular level. , 2006, Journal of structural biology.

[61]  J. Michler,et al.  Characterisation of a pulsed rf-glow discharge in view of its use in OES , 2006 .

[62]  T. Nelis,et al.  Glow Discharge as a Tool for Surface and Interface Analysis , 2006 .

[63]  Jaeweon Cho,et al.  Determination of the size of water-soluble nanoparticles and quantum dots by field-flow fractionation. , 2006, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[64]  D. Lipinsky,et al.  Imaging of atomic and molecular species in tissue with laser‐SNMS for pharmaceutical studies , 2006 .

[65]  H. Kim,et al.  Spectroscopic identification of S-Au interaction in cysteine capped gold nanoparticles. , 2006, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[66]  Heinrich F. Arlinghaus,et al.  Mass spectrometric characterization of elements and molecules in cell cultures and tissues , 2006 .

[67]  V. Hommes,et al.  Femtosecond laser ablation elemental mass spectrometry. , 2006, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[68]  J. Bettmer,et al.  Size characterisation of Au nanoparticles by ICP-MS coupling techniques , 2006 .

[69]  C. Grigoropoulos,et al.  Optical near-field ablation-induced plasma characteristics , 2006 .

[70]  B. Sharp,et al.  Nano-particle labelling of nucleic acids for enhanced detection by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). , 2007, Chemical communications.

[71]  A. Matusch,et al.  Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in elemental imaging of biological tissues and in proteomics , 2007 .

[72]  A. Matusch,et al.  Quantitative imaging of selenium, copper, and zinc in thin sections of biological tissues (slugs-genus arion) measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[73]  R. Pereiro,et al.  Microsecond pulsed versus direct current glow discharge as ion sources for analytical glow discharge-time of flight mass spectrometry , 2007 .

[74]  D. Günther,et al.  Elemental fractionation in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: evidence for mass load induced matrix effects in the ICP during ablation of a silicate glass , 2007 .

[75]  W. Hartung,et al.  Capabilities of femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for depth profiling of thin metal coatings. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[76]  D. Günther,et al.  Femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: achievements and remaining problems , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[77]  A. Ammann.  Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS): a versatile tool. , 2007, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[78]  C. Rinaldi,et al.  Synthesis and magnetic characterization of cobalt-substituted ferrite (CoxFe3−xO4) nanoparticles , 2007 .

[79]  B. Fernández,et al.  Direct analysis of solid samples by fs-LA-ICP-MS , 2007 .

[80]  L. Péter,et al.  Depth profile analysis of electrodeposited nanoscale multilayers by SNMS , 2007 .

[81]  Dirk Poelman,et al.  Composition and size-dependent extinction coefficient of colloidal PbSe quantum dots , 2007 .

[82]  C. Hellwig,et al.  Analysis of xenon gas inclusions in nuclear fuel using laser ablation ICP-MS , 2007 .

[83]  H. Nygren,et al.  High resolution imaging by organic secondary ion mass spectrometry. , 2007, Trends in biotechnology.

[84]  R. Russo,et al.  Background gas effects on the generation of nanopatterns on a pure silicon wafer with multiple femtosecond near field laser ablation , 2007 .

[85]  P. Chaurand,et al.  Processing MALDI Mass Spectra to Improve Mass Spectral Direct Tissue Analysis. , 2007, International journal of mass spectrometry.

[86]  M. Mateo,et al.  Depth analysis of polymer-coated steel samples using near-infrared femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[87]  Imaging of essential and toxic elements in biological tissues by LA-ICP-MS , 2008 .

[88]  J. Egido,et al.  Cluster TOF‐SIMS imaging: A new light for in situ metabolomics? , 2008, Proteomics.

[89]  P. Chapon,et al.  Pulsed radiofrequency glow discharge time of flight mass spectrometer for the direct analysis of bulk and thin coated glasses , 2008 .

[90]  G. Hieftje,et al.  Laser ablation coupled to a flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow for ambient mass spectral imaging. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[91]  V. Dressler,et al.  Quantitative images of metals in plant tissues measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 2008 .

[92]  Feng Zhao,et al.  Bio-distribution and metabolic paths of silica coated CdSeS quantum dots. , 2008, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[93]  Keishiro Tomoda,et al.  Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: effect of particle size. , 2008, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[94]  H. Geckeis,et al.  Application of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) to the quantitative characterization of natural colloids and synthetic nanoparticles , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[95]  V. Pinnick,et al.  Characterization of individual nano-objects by secondary ion mass spectrometry. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[96]  S. Chandra.  Challenges of biological sample preparation for SIMS imaging of elements and molecules at subcellular resolution , 2008 .

[97]  A. Walker.  Why is SIMS underused in chemical and biological analysis? Challenges and opportunities. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[98]  H. Arlinghaus,et al.  Laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry in tissue: a powerful tool for elemental and molecular imaging in the development of targeted drugs , 2008, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.

[99]  N. Lockyer,et al.  Depth profiling brain tissue sections with a 40 keV C60+ primary ion beam. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[100]  S. Maitrejean,et al.  ToF-SIMS imaging of Cl at Cu grain boundaries in interconnects for microelectronics , 2008 .

[101]  D. Günther,et al.  Femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: fundamentals and capabilities for depth profiling analysis. , 2008, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[102]  Petra Krystek,et al.  Particle size-dependent organ distribution of gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[103]  Kay Niemax,et al.  Elemental fractionation and stoichiometric sampling in femtosecond laser ablation , 2008 .

[104]  C. Contado,et al.  TiO2 in commercial sunscreen lotion: flow field-flow fractionation and ICP-AES together for size analysis. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[105]  T. Xi,et al.  Influence of silver nanoparticles on neurons and blood-brain barrier via subcutaneous injection in rats , 2008 .

[106]  K. Uchino,et al.  Characteristics of post-ionization using a femto-second laser , 2008 .

[107]  F. Adams,et al.  Inorganic mass spectrometry: Principles and applications , 2008, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[108]  C. Grigoropoulos,et al.  Laser ablation-induced spectral plasma characteristics in optical far-and near fields , 2008 .

[109]  P. Konarski,et al.  SIMS and GDMS depth profile analysis of hard coatings , 2008 .

[110]  L. McDonnell,et al.  Quality of surface: The influence of sample preparation on MS-based biomolecular tissue imaging with MALDI-MS and (ME-)SIMS , 2008 .

[111]  A multi-element mapping approach for size-segregated atmospheric particles using laser ablation ICP-MS combined with image analysis. , 2008, The Science of the total environment.

[112]  J. Becker,et al.  Possibility of nano-local element analysis by near-field laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) , 2008 .

[113]  K. Suslick,et al.  Quantum Dots from Chemical Aerosol Flow Synthesis: Preparation, Characterization, and Cellular Imaging , 2008 .

[114]  S. Salvi,et al.  In Situ Multi‐Element Analysis of the Mount Pinatubo Quartz‐Hosted Melt Inclusions by NIR Femtosecond Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry , 2008 .

[115]  J. Schubert,et al.  Thin Solid Films , 2008 .

[116]  H. Sela,et al.  Recent applications on isotope ratio measurements by ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS on biological samples and single particles , 2008 .

[117]  Alfredo Sanz-Medel,et al.  Elemental mass spectrometry for quantitative proteomics , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[118]  N. Palomero-Gallagher,et al.  Quantitative imaging of zinc, copper and lead in three distinct regions of the human brain by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. , 2008, Talanta.

[119]  D. Günther,et al.  Development and fundamental investigation of Laser Ablation Glow Discharge Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LA-GD-TOFMS) , 2009 .

[120]  Ying-xu Chen,et al.  Imaging of nutrient elements in the leaves of Elsholtzia splendens by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). , 2009, Talanta.

[121]  A. Sanz-Medel,et al.  Elemental mass spectrometry: a powerful tool for an accurate characterisation at elemental level of quantum dots. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[122]  J. Michler,et al.  Pulsed radiofrequency glow discharge time-of-flight mass spectrometry for molecular depth profiling of polymer-based films. , 2009, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[123]  Elisa Michelini,et al.  Field-flow fractionation in bioanalysis: A review of recent trends. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[124]  S. Aoyagi.  Review of TOF‐SIMS bioanalysis using mutual information , 2009 .

[125]  J. Michler,et al.  Potential analytical applications of negative ions from a pulsed radiofrequency glow discharge in argon , 2009 .

[126]  J. Albella,et al.  Comparative depth-profiling analysis of nanometer-metal multilayers by ion-probing techniques , 2009 .

[127]  K. Niemax,et al.  Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry—current shortcomings, practical suggestions for improving performance, and experiments to guide future development , 2009 .

[128]  John C. Vickerman,et al.  Surface analysis : the principal techniques , 2009 .

[129]  S. Ninomiya,et al.  Matrix-free high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry with high-energy ion projectiles. , 2009, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[130]  J. Vickerman,et al.  Comprar Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques | John C. Vickerman | 9780470017630 | Wiley , 2009 .

[131]  W. Unger,et al.  Application of XPS and ToF-SIMS for surface chemical analysis of DNA microarrays and their substrates , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[132]  Ying-xu Chen,et al.  Study of essential element accumulation in the leaves of a Cu-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens after Cu treatment by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[133]  G. Schmid.  Nanoparticles : from theory to application , 2010 .