Spectral Matching using Bitmap Indices of Spectral Derivatives for the Analysis of Hyperspectral Imagery

......................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................v Vita ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables...................................................................................................................x List of Figures ............................................................................................................... xi 1. Chapter 1 : Introduction .............................................................................................1 1.1 Optical Remote Sensing Image Data.....................................................................2 1.2 Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing System .....................................4 1.3 Imaging Spectrometer ..........................................................................................6 1.4 Calibration ...........................................................................................................8 1.5 Hyperspectral Imaging Data Analysis and Interpretation Methods ........................9 1.6 Problems with Hyperspectral Data Analysis and Spectral Matching ................... 10 1.6.1 Large Data Volume ....................................................................................... 10 1.6.2 Increase in Data Processing Time.................................................................. 11 1.6.3 Spectral Variability and Mixed Pixel ............................................................. 11 viii 1.7 Motivation of This Research and Proposed Spectral Matching Method ............... 12 1.8 Thesis Layout ..................................................................................................... 13 2. Chapter 2 : Literature Review .................................................................................. 15 2.1 Spectral Matching via Vector Computation ........................................................ 15 2.1.1 Spectral Angle Mapping Measure ................................................................ 15 2.1.2 Euclidian Distance Measure ......................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Spectral Correlation Measure ....................................................................... 17 2.2 Absorption Feature Matching ............................................................................. 18 2.3 Spectral Matching via Binary Coding ................................................................. 21 3. Chapter 3 : Spectral Derivative Analysis and Smoothing Techniques ....................... 24 3.1 Laboratory Data and Hyperspectral Imaging Data .............................................. 25 3.2 Spectral Derivative Analysis in Hyperspectral Imaging Data .............................. 26 3.2.1 Finite Approximation .................................................................................... 28 3.3 Smoothing Techniques for Hyperspectral Imaging Data ..................................... 29 3.3.1 Moving Average Smoothing Filter ................................................................ 30 3.3.2 Savizky-Golay Smoothing Filter ................................................................... 30 4. Chapter 4 : Bitmap Indexing .................................................................................... 32 4.1 Hyperspectral Imaging Data considering with Bitmap Index .............................. 32 4.1.1 The Concept of the Bitmap Index .................................................................. 32 ix 4.1.2 The Advantages of Bitmap Index ................................................................... 33 4.2 Binning .............................................................................................................. 35 4.3 Binary Representation of Decimal Numbers ....................................................... 35 4.4 Shannon’s Entropy Equation .............................................................................. 36 5. Chapter 5 : Data Description and Building Bitmap Index ......................................... 38 5.1 Study Area Description ...................................................................................... 38 5.2 Study Data Description ....................................................................................... 39 5.2.1 AVIRIS Data ................................................................................................. 39 5.2.2 Spectral Library ............................................................................................. 40 5.3 Smoothing and Extracting the Spectral Derivatives ............................................ 41 5.4 Building a Bitmap Index..................................................................................... 46 6. Chapter 6 : Matching and Mapping Techniques ...................................................... 57 6.1 Matching Algorithm ........................................................................................... 57 6.2 Mapping Algorithm ............................................................................................ 61 6.3 Mineral Mapping Results ................................................................................... 64 7. Chapter 7 : Conclusion and Future Work ................................................................ 73 8. Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 75