Source Attributions of Pollution to the Western Arctic During the NASA ARCTAS Field Campaign

We use the NASA GEOS-5 transport model with tagged tracers to investigate the contributions of different re- gional sources of CO and black carbon (BC) to their con- centrations in the Western Arctic (i.e., 50-90 N and 190- 320 E) in spring and summer 2008. The model is evaluated by comparing the results with airborne measurements of CO and BC from the NASA Arctic Research of the Composi- tion of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARC- TAS) field campaigns to demonstrate the strengths and lim- itations of our simulations. We also examine the reliability of tagged CO tracers in characterizing air mass origins using the measured fossil fuel tracer of dichloromethane and the biomass burning tracer of acetonitrile. Our tagged CO simu- lations suggest that most of the enhanced CO concentrations (above background level from CH4 production) observed during April originate from Asian anthropogenic emissions. Boreal biomass burning emissions and Asian anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance in July domain wise, al- though the biomass burning CO fraction is much larger in the area of the ARCTAS field experiments. The fraction of CO from Asian anthropogenic emissions is larger in spring than in summer. European sources make up no more than 10 % of CO levels in the campaign domain during either period. Comparisons of CO concentrations along the flight tracks with regional averages from GEOS-5 show that the along- track measurements are representative of the concentrations within the large domain of the Western Arctic in April but not in July.

[1]  Glenn S. Diskin,et al.  IASI carbon monoxide validation over the Arctic during POLARCAT spring and summer campaigns , 2010 .

[2]  D. Blake,et al.  Anthropogenic emissions during Arctas-A: mean transport characteristics and regional case studies , 2011 .

[3]  William L. Chameides,et al.  Rainout lifetimes of highly soluble aerosols and gases as inferred from simulations with a general circulation model , 1986 .

[4]  M. Gilles,et al.  Organic Aerosol Growth Mechanisms and Their Climate-Forcing Implications , 2004, Science.

[5]  Joshua P. Schwarz,et al.  Biomass burning in Siberia and Kazakhstan as an important source for haze over the Alaskan Arctic in April 2008 , 2009 .

[6]  K. Rahn.  Relative importances of North America and Eurasia as sources of arctic aerosol , 1981 .

[7]  A. Weinheimer,et al.  Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTAS/CARB-2008 field campaign , 2011 .

[8]  M. Chin,et al.  Anthropogenic, biomass burning, and volcanic emissions of black carbon, organic carbon, and SO 2 from 1980 to 2010 for hindcast model experiments , 2012 .

[9]  Ann M. Fridlind,et al.  Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies , 2007 .

[10]  B. Holben,et al.  Airborne observation of aerosol optical depth during ARCTAS: vertical profiles, inter-comparison and fine-mode fraction , 2011 .

[11]  G. Shaw,et al.  Long-range tropospheric transport of pollution aerosols into the Alaskan Arctic , 1984 .

[12]  A. Stohl,et al.  Physical and chemical properties of pollution aerosol particles transported from North America to Greenland as measured during the POLARCAT summer campaign , 2011 .

[13]  J. Redemann,et al.  Horizontal variability of aerosol optical depth observed during the ARCTAS airborne experiment , 2011 .

[14]  D. Blake,et al.  Accumulation-mode aerosol number concentrations in the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign: Long-range transport of polluted and clean air from the Asian continent , 2011 .

[15]  P. Ciais,et al.  Wildfire smoke in the Siberian Arctic in summer: source characterization and plume evolution from airborne measurements , 2009 .

[16]  Mian Chin,et al.  A multi-model assessment of pollution transport to the Arctic , 2008 .

[17]  D. Jacob,et al.  A global three-dimensional model analysis of the atmospheric budgets of HCN and CH 3 CN: Constraints from aircraft and ground measurements , 2003 .

[18]  A. Weinheimer,et al.  Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies , 2011 .

[19]  M. Chin,et al.  Anthropogenic and natural contributions to regional trends in aerosol optical depth, 1980–2006 , 2009 .

[20]  P. Pilewskie,et al.  Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) Project , 2010 .

[21]  H. Fuelberg,et al.  A meteorological overview of the ARCTAS 2008 mission , 2009 .

[22]  Bryan N. Duncan,et al.  Global budget of CO, 1988–1997: Source estimates and validation with a global model , 2007 .

[23]  P. Palmer,et al.  Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) , 2006 .

[24]  M. Chin,et al.  Reactive nitrogen, ozone and ozone production in the Arctic troposphere and the impact of stratosphere-troposphere exchange , 2011 .

[25]  D. Blake,et al.  Seasonal variation of the transport of black carbon aerosol from the Asian continent to the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign , 2011 .

[26]  R. Moss,et al.  Stratospheric sources of CH3CN and CH3OH , 1984 .

[27]  D. M. Cunnold,et al.  Evidence for Substantial Variations of Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radicals in the Past Two Decades , 2001, Science.

[28]  Glenn S. Diskin,et al.  Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide , 2009 .

[29]  D. Blake,et al.  Description of the analysis of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in whole air samples collected during PEM-tropics A and B. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  J. Warner,et al.  Daily global maps of carbon monoxide from NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder , 2005 .

[31]  A. van Donkelaar,et al.  Sources, distribution, and acidity of sulfate–ammonium aerosol in the Arctic in winter–spring , 2011 .

[32]  Teruyuki Nakajima,et al.  Tropospheric aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with satellite and sun photometer measurements , 2002 .

[33]  J. Hansen,et al.  Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: A Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE experiment , 2005 .

[34]  L. Barrie,et al.  Arctic air pollution: An overview of current knowledge , 1986 .

[35]  P. Hess,et al.  Sensitivity of top‐down estimates of CO sources to GCTM transport , 2005 .

[36]  G. Shaw.  The Arctic Haze Phenomenon , 1995 .

[37]  F. Fehsenfeld,et al.  Emission sources and ocean uptake of acetonitrile (CH3CN) in the atmosphere , 2003 .

[38]  Harshvardhan,et al.  The use of satellite‐measured aerosol optical depth to constrain biomass burning emissions source strength in the global model GOCART , 2012 .

[39]  David G. Streets,et al.  Light absorption by pollution, dust, and biomass burning aerosols: a global model study and evaluation with AERONET measurements , 2009 .

[40]  Ricardo Todling,et al.  The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System-Documentation of Versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0 , 2008 .

[41]  J. Penner,et al.  A global three‐dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols , 1996 .

[42]  J. Jimenez,et al.  Absorbing aerosol in the troposphere of the Western Arctic during the 2008 ARCTAS/ARCPAC airborne field campaigns , 2011 .

[43]  A. Stohl,et al.  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics the North Atlantic Oscillation Controls Air Pollution Transport to the Arctic , 2003 .

[44]  A. Stohl.  Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere , 2006 .

[45]  M. Wesely.  Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models , 1989 .

[46]  D P Edwards,et al.  Satellite remote sensing of tropospheric CO and CH(4): forward model studies of the MOPITT instrument. , 1995, Applied optics.

[47]  Michael B. McElroy,et al.  Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation , 2000 .

[48]  R. Moore.  Dichloromethane in North Atlantic waters , 2004 .

[49]  W. C. Graustein,et al.  Transport and residence times of tropospheric aerosols inferred from a global three-dimensional simulation of 210Pb , 1993 .

[50]  Glen W. Sachse,et al.  Fast‐response, high‐precision carbon monoxide sensor using a tunable diode laser absorption technique , 1987 .

[51]  M. Chin,et al.  Multiscale carbon monoxide and aerosol correlations from satellite measurements and the GOCART model: Implication for emissions and atmospheric evolution , 2010 .

[52]  P. Crutzen,et al.  Organic trace gas measurements by PTR-MS during INDOEX 1999 , 2002 .

[53]  Ajith Kaduwela,et al.  Pollution influences on atmospheric composition and chemistry at high northern latitudes: Boreal and California forest fire emissions , 2010 .

[54]  C. Liousse,et al.  Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model , 1999 .

[55]  J. Ziemke,et al.  Aerosol indirect effect on tropospheric ozone via lightning , 2012 .

[56]  J. Dibb,et al.  Investigations into free tropospheric new particle formation in the central Canadian arctic during the winter/spring transition as part of TOPSE , 2003 .

[57]  Glenn S. Diskin,et al.  Open-path airborne tunable diode laser hygrometer , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[58]  Timothy V Larson,et al.  Source attribution of black carbon in Arctic snow. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[59]  D. Jacob,et al.  In situ measurements of HCN and CH3CN over the Pacific Ocean: Sources, sinks, and budgets , 2003 .

[60]  D. Blake,et al.  Emissions of Black Carbon, Organic, and Inorganic Aerosols From Biomass Burning in North America and Asia in 2008 , 2011 .

[61]  Philip J. Rasch,et al.  Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow , 2006 .

[62]  Qiaoqiao Wang,et al.  Sources of carbonaceous aerosols and deposited black carbon in the Arctic in winter-spring: implications for radiative forcing , 2011 .

[63]  R. Koster,et al.  The Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED): Documentation of Versions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4. Volume 38; Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation , 2015 .

[64]  P. Quinn,et al.  Arctic haze: current trends and knowledge gaps , 2007 .

[65]  M. Chin,et al.  Sensitivity of global CO simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources , 2007 .

[66]  J. D. de Gouw,et al.  An important contribution to springtime Arctic aerosol from biomass burning in Russia , 2010 .

[67]  Yutaka Kondo,et al.  Effects of Mixing State on Black Carbon Measurements by Laser-Induced Incandescence , 2007 .

[68]  M. Chin,et al.  Online simulations of global aerosol distributions in the NASA GEOS‐4 model and comparisons to satellite and ground‐based aerosol optical depth , 2010 .

[69]  S. Schubert,et al.  MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications , 2011 .

[70]  Glenn E. Shaw,et al.  The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results , 2010 .

[71]  A. Stohl,et al.  Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006 , 2006 .

[72]  N. Takegawa,et al.  Consistency and Traceability of Black Carbon Measurements Made by Laser-Induced Incandescence, Thermal-Optical Transmittance, and Filter-Based Photo-Absorption Techniques , 2011 .

[73]  Axel Lauer,et al.  © Author(s) 2006. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles , 2022 .