50 years of OR in sport

This paper reviews about 50 years of activity in OR as applied to sports. After some history and an overview, including discussions of what we mean by sport and what we mean by OR, four themes are presented: tactics and strategy, scheduling, forecasting and ‘other’. Within each theme many papers are discussed, showing the wide range of methods used and sports analysed. The issue is then raised of who our clients are and who they ought to be—it is suggested that not nearly enough is done for amateur sport. The paper ends with a conclusion and speculations about the next 50 years.

[1]  Charles M. Mottley Letter to the Editor - The Application of Operations-Research Methods to Athletic Games , 1954, Oper. Res..

[2]  M. Spark The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie / The Girls of Slender Means / The Driver's Seat / The Only Problem , 1961 .

[3]  George R. Lindsey,et al.  An Investigation of Strategies in Baseball , 1963 .

[4]  R. Bellman Dynamic programming. , 1957, Science.

[5]  David Silverman,et al.  Technical Note - How to Win by Losing , 1973, Oper. Res..

[6]  Stephen M. Pollock A Model for Evaluating Golf Handicapping , 1974, Oper. Res..

[7]  R. Allan Freeze,et al.  An Analysis of Baseball Batting Order by Monte Carlo Simulation , 1974, Oper. Res..

[8]  Shaul P. Ladany,et al.  Optimization of Pentathlon Training Plans , 1975 .

[9]  Shaul P. Ladany Optimal Starting Height for Pole-Vaulting , 1975, Oper. Res..

[10]  Shaul P. Ladany,et al.  Optimal strategies in sports , 1977 .

[11]  Shaul P. Ladany,et al.  Management science in sports , 1978 .

[12]  S. Christian Albright,et al.  A Probabilistic Model of Winners' Outs versus Losers' Outs Rules in Basketball , 1978, Oper. Res..

[13]  Arthur J. Keown,et al.  Planning Urban Recreational Facilities with Integer Goal Programming , 1978 .

[14]  Michael J. Maher Optimal Strategies in Sports , 1978 .

[15]  Malcolm Dando,et al.  Using Hypergames to Model Difficult Social Issues: An Approach to the Case of Soccer Hooliganism , 1980 .

[16]  Antoni Olivé Ramon A microcomputer-based decision support system , 1981 .

[17]  David Kohler,et al.  Optimal Strategies for the Game of Darts , 1982 .

[18]  John M. Norman,et al.  Dynamic Programming in Orienteering: Route Choice and the Siting of Controls , 1984 .

[19]  James R. Evans Play Ball!--The Scheduling of Sports Officials. , 1984 .

[20]  John M. Norman,et al.  Dynamic Programming in Tennis—When to Use a Fast Serve , 1985 .

[21]  Mike Wright Probabilities and Decision Rules for the Game of Squash Rackets , 1988 .

[22]  James R. Evans A Microcomputer-Based Decision Support System for Scheduling Umpires in the American Baseball League , 1988 .

[23]  Stephen R. Clarke Dynamic Programming in One-Day Cricket-Optimal Scoring Rates , 1988 .

[24]  Shaul P. Ladany,et al.  Technical Note - Optimal Pole-Vaulting Strategy , 1989, Oper. Res..

[25]  Alan R. Washburn Still More on Pulling the Goalie , 1991 .

[26]  Gilbert Laporte,et al.  A Combinatorial Optimization Problem Arising in Dartboard Design , 1991 .

[27]  Mike Wright Scheduling English Cricket Umpires , 1991 .

[28]  M. Wright A Fair Allocation of County Cricket Opponents , 1992 .

[29]  Robert J Willis,et al.  Scheduling the Cricket World Cup—a Case Study , 1993 .

[30]  Charles Fleurent,et al.  Allocating Games for the NHL Using Integer Programming , 1993, Oper. Res..

[31]  Stephen R. Clarke,et al.  Computer Forecasting of Australian Rules Football for a Daily Newspaper , 1993 .

[32]  Mike Wright,et al.  Timetabling County Cricket Fixtures Using a Form of Tabu Search , 1994 .

[33]  Janny Leung,et al.  Devising a Cost Effective Schedule for a Baseball League , 1994, Oper. Res..

[34]  Robert J Willis,et al.  Scheduling the Australian State Cricket Season Using Simulated Annealing , 1994 .

[35]  M. Hayes,et al.  Running Uphill: An Experimental Result and its Applications , 1994 .

[36]  The application of ranking probability models to racetrack betting , 1995 .

[37]  Richard M. Bradford,et al.  Optimal realignments of the teams in the National Football League , 1996 .

[38]  Mark J. Dixon,et al.  A birth process model for association football matches , 1998 .

[39]  P. Harker,et al.  Scheduling a Major College Basketball Conference , 1998 .

[40]  A. J. Lewis,et al.  A fair method for resetting the target in interrupted one-day cricket matches , 1998, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[41]  Jay Bennett Statistics in Sport , 1998 .

[42]  Stephen R. Clarke,et al.  When to rush a ‘behind’ in Australian rules football: a dynamic programming approach , 1998, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[43]  Jack Brimberg,et al.  A Punt Returner Location Problem , 1999, Oper. Res..

[44]  Roberto Tadei,et al.  Scheduling a round robin tennis tournamentunder courts and players availability constraints , 1999, Ann. Oper. Res..

[45]  Bruce L. Golden,et al.  Predicting the success of nations at the Summer Olympics using neural networks , 1999, Comput. Oper. Res..

[46]  Stephen R. Clarke,et al.  To run or not?: Some dynamic programming models in cricket , 1999, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[47]  Jonathan M. Thompson Kicking Timetabling Problems into Touch , 1999 .

[48]  SC Heerenveen,et al.  Manager to go ? Performance dips reconsidered with evidence from Dutch football , 2001 .

[49]  George L. Nemhauser,et al.  The Traveling Tournament Problem Description and Benchmarks , 2001, CP.

[50]  Keith A. Willoughby,et al.  Modelling curling as a Markov process , 2001, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[51]  T. Van Voorhis,et al.  Highly constrained college basketball scheduling , 2002, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[52]  Stephen Dobson,et al.  The impact of managerial change on team performance in professional sports , 2002 .

[53]  Mike Wright,et al.  Using a Markov process model of an association football match to determine the optimal timing of substitution and tactical decisions , 2002, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[54]  Gerard Sierksma,et al.  Team formation: Matching quality supply and quality demand , 2003, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[55]  M. Wright,et al.  The professional foul in football: Tactics and deterrents , 2003, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[56]  Jan R. Magnus,et al.  Forecasting the winner of a tennis match , 2003, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[57]  F. J. Vasko Play Ball - Equally: Math Programming Lends a Hand to Little League Baseball , 2003 .

[58]  Stephen R. Clarke,et al.  Dynamic programming in cricket: choosing a night watchman , 2003, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[59]  Mike Wright,et al.  A MARKOV CHAIN APPROACH TO OPTIMAL PINCH HITTING STRATEGIES IN A DESIGNATED HITTER RULE BASEBALL GAME , 2003 .

[60]  M. Lewis,et al.  Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game , 2003 .

[61]  Chris Hope When should you sack a football manager? Results from a simple model applied to the English Premiership , 2003, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[62]  Michael Jünger,et al.  Minimizing breaks by maximizing cuts , 2003, Oper. Res. Lett..

[63]  Timothy L. Urban,et al.  Scheduling sports competitions on multiple venues , 2003, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[64]  Shane G. Henderson,et al.  A Simulation Model for Predicting Yacht Match Race Outcomes , 2004, Oper. Res..

[65]  M. Carter,et al.  Cricket interruptus: fairness and incentive in limited overs cricket matches , 2004, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[66]  K. T. Lee,et al.  Strategies to serve or receive the service in volleyball , 2004, Math. Methods Oper. Res..

[67]  Dirk C. Mattfeld,et al.  Memetic Algorithm timetabling for non-commercial sport leagues , 2004, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[68]  Marcone Jamilson Freitas Souza,et al.  Scheduling the brazilian soccer championship : a simulated annealing approach. , 2004 .

[69]  J. Lafuente The Best Systems for Appointing Referees , 2004 .

[70]  Panos M. Pardalos,et al.  Economics, management, and optimization in sports , 2004 .

[71]  J. M. Norman,et al.  Running uphill: energy needs and Naismith's Rule , 2004, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[72]  Gerard H. Kuper,et al.  Do skin suits increase average skating speed , 2004 .

[73]  Philip Scarf,et al.  An empirical basis for route choice in cycling , 2005, Journal of sports sciences.

[74]  Mike Wright Scheduling fixtures for New Zealand Cricket , 2005 .

[75]  Stephen R. Clarke,et al.  Combining player statistics to predict outcomes of tennis matches , 2005 .

[76]  Andrew Flitman Towards probabilistic footy tipping: a hybrid approach utilising genetically defined neural networks and linear programming , 2006, Comput. Oper. Res..

[77]  X. Zhang,et al.  A simulated annealing and hill-climbing algorithm for the traveling tournament problem , 2006, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[78]  Celso C. Ribeiro,et al.  Referee Assignment in Sports Leagues , 2006, PATAT.

[79]  Tim B. Swartz,et al.  Optimal batting orders in one-day cricket , 2006, Comput. Oper. Res..

[80]  A. D. Fitt,et al.  Valuation of soccer spread bets , 2006, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[81]  Mike B. Wright,et al.  Scheduling fixtures for Basketball New Zealand , 2006, Comput. Oper. Res..

[82]  Timothy Heazlewood,et al.  Prediction versus reality: the use of mathematical models to predict elite performance in swimming and athletics at the olympic games. , 2006, Journal of sports science & medicine.

[83]  Andreas Drexl,et al.  Scheduling the professional soccer leagues of Austria and Germany , 2006, Comput. Oper. Res..

[84]  Maciek Nowak,et al.  Assignment of swimmers to dual meet events , 2006, Comput. Oper. Res..

[85]  Gareth Irwin,et al.  Abstracts from the 6th international conference on the engineering of sport, 10–14 July 2006, Olympic Hall, Munich, Germany , 2006 .

[86]  Tomomi Matsui,et al.  Semidefinite programming based approaches to the break minimization problem , 2006, Comput. Oper. Res..

[87]  Federico Della Croce,et al.  Scheduling the Italian Football League: an ILP-based approach , 2006, Comput. Oper. Res..

[88]  Gerard Sierksma Computer Support for Coaching and Scouting in Football , 2006 .

[89]  David H. Annis,et al.  Optimal End-Game Strategy in Basketball , 2006 .

[90]  Stephen R. Clarke,et al.  Dynamic programming in cricket: optimizing batting order for a sticky wicket , 2007, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[91]  Michael A. Trick,et al.  A Benders approach for the constrained minimum break problem , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[92]  Celso C. Ribeiro,et al.  Heuristics for the mirrored traveling tournament problem , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[93]  David Forrest,et al.  Within-season dismissal of football coaches: Statistical analysis of causes and consequences , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[94]  M. B. Wright Case study: problem formulation and solution for a real-world sports scheduling problem , 2007, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[95]  Mark E. Glickman,et al.  Bayesian locally optimal design of knockout tournaments , 2008 .

[96]  Xin Shi,et al.  The importance of a match in a tournament , 2008, Comput. Oper. Res..

[97]  Graham Kendall,et al.  Scheduling English football fixtures over holiday periods , 2008, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[98]  Mesut Yavuz,et al.  Fair referee assignments for professional football leagues , 2008, Comput. Oper. Res..

[99]  Dirk Briskorn,et al.  A branch-and-price algorithm for scheduling sport leagues , 2009, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[100]  Babatunde Buraimo,et al.  Insights for clubs from modelling match attendance in football , 2009, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[101]  David F. Percy A mathematical analysis of badminton scoring systems , 2009, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[102]  William W. Cooper,et al.  Selecting non-zero weights to evaluate effectiveness of basketball players with DEA , 2009, Eur. J. Oper. Res..