Überblick über die neoadjuvante endokrine Therapie des rezeptorpositiven Mammakarzinoms der postmenopausalen Frau

Bei Patientinnen im Senium wird dem Aspekt der Brusterhaltung zunehmend grosere Bedeutung zugemessen. Aktuelle Daten bestatigen das Konzept der neoadjuvanten endokrinen Therapie als Option bei postmenopausalen Frauen zur Volumenreduktion lokal fortgeschrittener Karzinome und damit der Erhohung der Rate brusterhaltender Operationen. Des Weiteren ist die In-vivo-Testung der Effektivitat unter neoadjuvanter endokriner Therapie fur die anschliesende adjuvante Therapie von Bedeutung. Auserdem zeichnet sich die endokrine Therapie durch eine gute Vertraglichkeit aus. Sowohl fur Tamoxifen als auch fur alle Aromatasehemmstoffe liegen, wenn auch in unterschiedlichem Umfang, aktuelle Daten vor. Erste neoadjuvante Therapiestudien mit Tamoxifen zeigten klinische Ansprechraten von 49 bis 68 % mit einer Reduktion des Tumorvolumens von median 58 %. Studien, die eine adjuvante mit einer primaren Tamoxifengabe mit nachfolgender Operation im Falle der Krankheitsprogression verglichen, fanden keinen Unterschied im Gesamtuberleben. Fur die Aromatasehemmstoffe liegen Ergebnisse verschiedener Studien vor: In der IMPACT-Studie (Phase III) weisen Anastrozol, Tamoxifen und die Kombination beider nach 3 Monaten keine Unterschiede im Ansprechen auf (Anastrozol 37,2 %, Tamoxifen 36,1 %). Durch Anastrozol wird eine erhohte Rate brusterhaltender Operationen (45,2 %) im Vergleich zu Tamoxifen (22,2 %) erreicht. Exemestan fuhrt mit 88,6 % zu einem hoheren Ansprechen als Tamoxifen (57,2 %) (Phase II) und Letrozol von 55 - 92 % vs. 36 % gegenuber Tamoxifen (Phase II und III). Eine Verlangerung der neoadjuvanten Therapiephase mit Exemestan auf 4 - 5 Monate verbessert das Ansprechen mit zusatzlich erhohter Rate an klinisch und pathologisch nachgewiesenen Komplettremissionen und einer erhohten Rate der Brusterhaltung von 45,2 %; mit Letrozol 6 - 8 Monate auf 67,0 %. Daten zum Langzeitverlauf stehen aus. Zukunftige Studien fokussieren auf die Optimierung der Therapiedauer, die Suche nach zuverlassigen pradiktiven Markern und die Verbesserung des therapeutischen Index. For elderly women, great importance is increasingly being attached to the question of breast conservation. Current data confirms the concept of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy as an option in postmenopausal women to reduce the volume of locally advanced carcinomas and thereby increase the rate of breast conserving operations. Moreover, in vivo testing of the effectiveness of endocrine neoadjuvance is important for subsequent adjuvant therapy. Endocrine therapy is also particularly well tolerated. Current data are available, although to different degrees, both for tamoxifen and for all aromatase inhibitors. Initial neoadjuvant treatment studies with tamoxifen showed clinical response rates of 49 to 68 % with a median reduction in tumour volume of 58 %. Studies comparing adjuvant tamoxifen with primary tamoxifen treatment and subsequent surgery in the event of disease progression found no difference in total survival. For the aromatase inhibitors, results were variable overall: In the IMPACT study (Phase III) anastrozole, tamoxifen or the two drugs combined showed no difference with respect to response after 3 months (anastrozole 37.2 %, tamoxifen 36.1 %); an increased rate of breast conserving operations was achieved with anastrozole (45.2 %) compared with tamoxifen (22.2 %). Exemestane, at 88.6 %, has a greater response than tamoxifen (57.2 %) (Phase II) and letrozole shows a response of 55 - 92 % compared with 36 % for tamoxifen (Phase II and III). Extension of the neoadjuvant therapy phase with exemestane to 4 - 5 months improved the response, with further increases in the rates of complete remission based on clinical and pathological evidence and an increased rate of breast conservation of 45.2 %; figures for letrozole at 6 - 8 months were 67.0 %. Data on the long-term outcome are not yet available. Future studies are focusing on optimisation of the treatment period, the search for reliable predictive markers and improvement of the therapeutic index.

[1]  E. Perez,et al.  A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[2]  M. Dowsett,et al.  Comparison of anastrozole vs tamoxifen alone and in combination as neoadjuvant treatment of estrogen receptor-positive operable breast cancer in postmenopausal women The IMPACT Trial , 2003 .

[3]  R. Silliman What constitutes optimal care for older women with breast cancer? , 2003, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[4]  G. Vlastos,et al.  Undertreatment strongly decreases prognosis of breast cancer in elderly women. , 2003, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[5]  J. Dixon,et al.  Endocrine and clinical endpoints of exemestane as neoadjuvant therapy. , 2002, Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center.

[6]  M. Dowsett,et al.  Comparison of the systemic and intratumoral effects of tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitor vorozole in postmenopausal patients with primary breast cancer. , 2002, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[7]  M. Ellis,et al.  Preoperative treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer patients with letrozole: A randomized double-blind multicenter study. , 2001, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[8]  D B Evans,et al.  Letrozole is more effective neoadjuvant endocrine therapy than tamoxifen for ErbB-1- and/or ErbB-2-positive, estrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancer: evidence from a phase III randomized trial. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[9]  W. Eiermann,et al.  Dose-dense doxorubicin, docetaxel, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support with or without tamoxifen as preoperative therapy in patients with operable carcinoma of the breast: a randomized, controlled, open phase IIb study. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[10]  J. Dixon,et al.  Antiaromatase agents: preclinical data and neoadjuvant therapy. , 2000, Clinical breast cancer.

[11]  P. Lønning,et al.  In vivo inhibition of aromatization by exemestane, a novel irreversible aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. , 1998, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[12]  F. Cardoso,et al.  Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in locally advanced breast cancer , 1998 .

[13]  P. Lønning Pharmacology of new aromatase inhibitors , 1996 .

[14]  F. Leeuwen,et al.  Should tamoxifen be a primary treatment choice for elderly breast cancer patients with locoregional disease? , 1995, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[15]  S. Milani,et al.  Tamoxifen or surgery plus tamoxifen as primary treatment for elderly patients with operable breast cancer: The G.R.E.T.A. Trial. Group for Research on Endocrine Therapy in the Elderly. , 1994, Anticancer research.

[16]  U. Chetty,et al.  Indications for primary tamoxifen therapy in elderly women with breast cancer , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[17]  I. Ellis,et al.  Mastectomy or tamoxifen as initial therapy for operable breast cancer in elderly patients: 5-year follow-up. , 1992, European journal of cancer.

[18]  R. Gelber,et al.  Treatment of breast cancer in elderly patients , 1990, The Lancet.

[19]  U. Chetty,et al.  Response to endocrine manipulation and oestrogen receptor concentration in large operable primary breast cancer. , 1989, British Journal of Cancer.

[20]  N Gunduz,et al.  Presence of a growth-stimulating factor in serum following primary tumor removal in mice. , 1989, Cancer research.

[21]  N Gunduz,et al.  Effect of surgical removal on the growth and kinetics of residual tumor. , 1979, Cancer research.

[22]  W. Miller Aromatase inhibition and breast cancer , 2005 .

[23]  D. Wallwiener,et al.  Phase Ii study to define safety and efficacy of exemestane as preoperative therapy for postmenopausal patients with primary breast cancer -final results of the German Neoadjuvant Aromasin Initiative (genari) , 2003 .