Benefits of Multiple Battery Levels for the Lifetime of Large Wireless Sensor Networks

In large wireless sensor networks, the few nodes close to the monitoring station are likely to prove the bottleneck in the useful lifetime of the network. We examine a strategy of equipping these nodes with a larger share of the total initial energy (battery) than the others, and generalizing this notion to the rest of the network. We solve a design problem involving optimizing the network lifetime using no more than a given number of distinct battery levels, and verify the results from the model by direct simulation.

[1]  P. R. Kumar,et al.  Power Control in Ad-Hoc Networks: Theory, Architecture, Algorithm and Implementation of the COMPOW Protocol , 2002 .

[2]  Vaduvur Bharghavan,et al.  A power controlled multiple access protocol for wireless packet networks , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[3]  Nathan Ickes,et al.  The Hardware and the Network: Total-System Strategies for Power Aware Wireless Microsensors , 2002 .

[4]  G. Asada,et al.  Wireless integrated network sensors: Low power systems on a chip , 1998, Proceedings of the 24th European Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[5]  Karsten Schwan,et al.  Power-aware communication for mobile computers , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Communications (MoMuC'99) (Cat. No.99EX384).

[6]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[7]  R. Rozovsky,et al.  SEEDEX: a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks , 2001, MobiHoc '01.

[8]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  Power-saving protocols for IEEE 802.11-based multi-hop ad hoc networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[9]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[10]  Robert Tappan Morris,et al.  Span: An Energy-Efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 2002, Wirel. Networks.

[11]  Juan-Carlos Cano,et al.  Evaluating the energy-consumption reduction in a MANET by dynamically switching-off network interfaces , 2001, Proceedings. Sixth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications.

[12]  Suresh Singh,et al.  PAMAS—power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks , 1998, CCRV.

[13]  Madhavi W. Subbarao.  Dynamic Power-Conscious Routing for MANETs: An Initial Approach , 1999, Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[14]  Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy,et al.  Power management for throughput enhancement in wireless ad-hoc networks , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000. Global Convergence Through Communications. Conference Record.

[15]  Suresh Singh,et al.  Power efficient MAC protocol for multihop radio networks , 1998, Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (Cat. No.98TH8361).

[16]  Adam Dunkels,et al.  Bounds on the Energy Consumption of Routings in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2003 .

[17]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Sensor Networks , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[18]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  ASCENT: adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[19]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[20]  Wei Hong,et al.  The design of an acquisitional query processor for sensor networks , 2003, SIGMOD '03.

[21]  Ram Ramanathan,et al.  Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[22]  Martin Nilsson,et al.  Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[23]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  A Power Saving MAC Protocol for Wireless Networks , 2002 .

[24]  Li Li,et al.  Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wireless ad hoc networks , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[25]  David E. Culler,et al.  A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[26]  S. M. Heemstra de Groot,et al.  Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks , 1998, MobiCom '98.

[27]  Randy H. Katz,et al.  Measuring and Reducing Energy Consumption of Network Interfaces in Hand-Held Devices (Special Issue on Mobile Computing) , 1997 .

[28]  Mihail L. Sichitiu,et al.  Cross-layer scheduling for power efficiency in wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[29]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[30]  Nathan Ickes,et al.  Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[31]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks , 1999, MobiCom.

[32]  David E. Culler,et al.  A Network-Centric Approach to Embedded Software for Tiny Devices , 2001, EMSOFT.