Current Status and Performance Analysis of Optical Camera Communication Technologies for 5G Networks

This paper investigates optical camera communication (OCC) technologies, targeting new spectrum, multiple-input-multiple-output diversity, transmission access, and novel architectures with augmented reality user experience for the extended 5G wireless network. It provides the current OCC research status and trend pertaining to these technologies, especially an inside view on the revision of IEEE 802.15.7-2011 known as the IEEE 802.15.7m (TG7m) Optical Wireless Communication Task Group. Such standardization activities have a major impact on the development of OCC technologies. In addition, it provides a detailed review of the related literature. Herein, OCC technologies are classified into five categories to elucidate their operations and technical characteristics. Furthermore, a concise performance analysis, numerical simulations, and some comparison of the results obtained for associated systems are presented, and the future directions of research and development are discussed.

[1]  Xuan Tang,et al.  Undersampled phase shift ON-OFF keying for camera communication , 2014, 2014 Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP).

[2]  Chi-Wai Chow,et al.  Light Encryption Scheme Using Light-Emitting Diode and Camera Image Sensor , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[3]  Harald Haas,et al.  What is LiFi? , 2015, 2015 European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC).

[4]  Trang Nguyen,et al.  Neural Network-Based Indoor Positioning Using Virtual Projective Invariants , 2016, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[5]  Pekka Pirinen,et al.  A brief overview of 5G research activities , 2014, 1st International Conference on 5G for Ubiquitous Connectivity.

[6]  Trang Nguyen,et al.  High temporal-spatial resolution optical wireless communication technique using image sensor , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC).

[7]  Trang Nguyen,et al.  Asynchronous Scheme for Optical Camera Communication-Based Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Communication , 2015, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[8]  Anthony Rowe,et al.  Visual light landmarks for mobile devices , 2014, IPSN-14 Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[9]  Qian Zhang,et al.  Wearables Can Afford: Light-weight Indoor Positioning with Visible Light , 2015, MobiSys.

[10]  Gwanggil Jeon,et al.  Structured-light-assisted wireless digital optical communications , 2015 .

[11]  Hideki Aoyama,et al.  Line scan sampling for visible light communication: Theory and practice , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[12]  Harald Haas,et al.  Using a CMOS camera sensor for visible light communication , 2012, 2012 IEEE Globecom Workshops.

[13]  Young-June Choi,et al.  Survey of Promising Technologies for 5G Networks , 2016, Mob. Inf. Syst..

[14]  Takaya Yamazato,et al.  Layered Transmission of Space-Time Coded Signals for Image-Sensor-Based Visible Light Communications , 2015, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[15]  Guoliang Xing,et al.  COBRA: color barcode streaming for smartphone systems , 2012, MobiSys '12.

[16]  Harald Haas,et al.  Downlink Performance of Optical Attocell Networks , 2016, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[17]  Lih Chieh Png,et al.  Experimental Demonstration of RGB LED-Based Optical Camera Communications , 2015, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[18]  Parth H. Pathak,et al.  Visible Light Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[19]  K. K. Ramakrishnan,et al.  Toward a software-based network: integrating software defined networking and network function virtualization , 2015, IEEE Network.

[20]  Stefan Videv,et al.  Towards a 100 Gb / s visible light wireless access network , 2015 .

[21]  Ashwin Ashok,et al.  Capacity of screen-camera communications under perspective distortions , 2015 .

[22]  Trang Nguyen,et al.  Design and Implementation of a Novel Compatible Encoding Scheme in the Time Domain for Image Sensor Communication , 2016, Sensors.

[23]  L. Javier García-Villalba,et al.  Trends on virtualisation with software defined networking and network function virtualisation , 2015, IET Networks.

[24]  Grantham Pang,et al.  Positioning beacon system using digital camera and LEDs , 2003, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[25]  Lohit Penubaku,et al.  A survey on different techniques used for visible light communication , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology (iCATccT).

[26]  Kate Ching-Ju Lin,et al.  RollingLight: Enabling Line-of-Sight Light-to-Camera Communications , 2015, MobiSys.

[27]  Trang Nguyen,et al.  Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) for Indoor Image Sensor Communication System , 2017, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[28]  Dina Katabi,et al.  PixNet: interference-free wireless links using LCD-camera pairs , 2010, MobiCom.

[29]  Gaurav Sharma.  Image-based data interfaces revisited: Barcodes and watermarks for the mobile and digital worlds , 2016, 2016 8th International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS).

[30]  Shoji Kawahito,et al.  BER characteristic of optical-OFDM using OCI , 2014, 2014 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS).

[31]  Chi-Wai Chow,et al.  Color-Shift Keying and Code-Division Multiple-Access Transmission for RGB-LED Visible Light Communications Using Mobile Phone Camera , 2014, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[32]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  SoftAir: A software defined networking architecture for 5G wireless systems , 2015, Comput. Networks.

[33]  Shoji Kawahito,et al.  A New Automotive VLC System Using Optical Communication Image Sensor , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[34]  Takaya Yamazato,et al.  Spatially-modulated space-time coding in visible light communications using 2×2 LED array , 2014, 2014 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS).

[35]  Xuan Tang,et al.  Undersampled-PAM with subcarrier modulation for camera communications , 2015, 2015 Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC).

[36]  Chi-Wai Chow,et al.  Hierarchical scheme for detecting the rotating MIMO transmission of the in-door RGB-LED visible light wireless communications using mobile-phone camera , 2015 .

[37]  Shoji Kawahito,et al.  LED and CMOS Image Sensor Based Optical Wireless Communication System for Automotive Applications , 2013, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[38]  Chang-Jun Ahn,et al.  Mobile Phone Camera-Based Indoor Visible Light Communications With Rotation Compensation , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[39]  Shoji Kawahito,et al.  Optical Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication System Using LED Transmitter and Camera Receiver , 2014, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[40]  Hideki Aoyama,et al.  Visible light communication using a conventional image sensor , 2015, 2015 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC).

[41]  Wenjun Hu,et al.  LightSync: unsynchronized visual communication over screen-camera links , 2013, MobiCom.

[42]  Dietmar Nedbal,et al.  A Literature Review on Challenges and Effects of Software Defined Networking , 2015, CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCist.

[43]  Trang Nguyen,et al.  Region-of-Interest Signaling Vehicular System Using Optical Camera Communications , 2017, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[44]  Richard D. Roberts,et al.  A MIMO protocol for camera communications (CamCom) using undersampled frequency shift ON-OFF keying (UFSOOK) , 2013, 2013 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[45]  Thierry Turletti,et al.  A Survey of Software-Defined Networking: Past, Present, and Future of Programmable Networks , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[46]  Toshiaki Fujii,et al.  Erasure coding for road-to-vehicle visible light communication systems , 2011, 2011 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC).

[47]  Tianxing Li,et al.  Real-Time Screen-Camera Communication Behind Any Scene , 2015, MobiSys.

[48]  Yeong Min Jang,et al.  Survey on optical camera communications: challenges and opportunities , 2015 .

[49]  Trang Nguyen,et al.  Novel 2D-sequential color code system employing Image Sensor Communications for Optical Wireless Communications , 2016, ICT Express.

[50]  Yonggang Wen,et al.  “ A Survey of Software Defined Networking , 2020 .

[51]  Toshiaki Fujii,et al.  Improved Decoding Methods of Visible Light Communication System for ITS Using LED Array and High-Speed Camera , 2010, 2010 IEEE 71st Vehicular Technology Conference.