Unraveling the mechanism of electrospray ionization.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) generates intact gas-phase ions from analytes in solution for mass spectrometric investigations. ESI can proceed via different mechanisms. Low molecular weight analytes follow the ion evaporation model (IEM), whereas the charged residue model (CRM) applies to large globular species. A chain ejection model (CEM) has been proposed for disordered polymers.

[1]  N. M. Cann,et al.  How are completely desolvated ions produced in electrospray ionization: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[2]  O. Mayboroda,et al.  Ultra-low flow electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for improved ionization efficiency in phosphoproteomics. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[3]  G. J. Berkel Electrolytic deposition of metals on to the high-voltage contact in an electrospray emitter: implications for gas-phase ion formation. , 2000 .

[4]  Albert J R Heck,et al.  Investigation of intact protein complexes by mass spectrometry. , 2004, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[5]  P. Kebarle,et al.  Ion-Ion and ion-molecule reactions at the surface of proteins produced by nanospray. Information on the number of acidic residues and control of the number of ionized acidic and basic residues , 2005, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[6]  John R Yates,et al.  Mass spectrometry in high-throughput proteomics: ready for the big time , 2010, Nature Methods.

[7]  Christopher J. Hogan,et al.  Combined charged residue-field emission model of macromolecular electrospray ionization. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  L. Rayleigh XX. On the equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity , 1882 .

[9]  S. Trimpin,et al.  Laserspray Ionization, a New Atmospheric Pressure MALDI Method for Producing Highly Charged Gas-phase Ions of Peptides and Proteins Directly from Solid Solutions , 2009, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

[10]  J. V. Iribarne,et al.  On the evaporation of small ions from charged droplets , 1976 .

[11]  David van der Spoel,et al.  Protein structures under electrospray conditions. , 2007, Biochemistry.

[12]  L. Konermann,et al.  Ejection of solvated ions from electrosprayed methanol/water nanodroplets studied by molecular dynamics simulations. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[13]  Akos Vertes,et al.  Solvated Ion Evaporation from Charged Water Nanodroplets , 2003 .

[14]  Jun Kyung Chung,et al.  Release mechanisms of poly(ethylene glycol) macroions from aqueous charged nanodroplets. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[15]  Igor A Kaltashov,et al.  Estimates of protein surface areas in solution by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[16]  C. Enke,et al.  Practical implications of some recent studies in electrospray ionization fundamentals. , 2001, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[17]  J. Mora,et al.  Electrospray ionization of large multiply charged species proceeds via Dole’s charged residue mechanism , 2000 .

[18]  Paolo Carloni,et al.  A Computational Model for Protein Ionization by Electrospray Based on Gas-Phase Basicity , 2012, Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[19]  Derek J. Wilson,et al.  Conformer selection and intensified dynamics during catalytic turnover in chymotrypsin. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  R. C. Mobley,et al.  Molecular Beams of Macroions , 1968 .

[21]  N. M. Cann,et al.  Characterization of microstructured fibre emitters: in pursuit of improved nano electrospray ionization performance. , 2012, The Analyst.

[22]  R. Oleschuk,et al.  Nanoelectrospray emitters: trends and perspective. , 2009, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[23]  L. Konermann,et al.  Surface charge of electrosprayed water nanodroplets: a molecular dynamics study. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[24]  R. Grandori,et al.  Charge-surface correlation in electrospray ionization of folded and unfolded proteins. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  L. Konermann,et al.  Modeling the behavior of coarse-grained polymer chains in charged water droplets: implications for the mechanism of electrospray ionization. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[26]  Derek J. Wilson,et al.  Understanding and optimizing electrospray ionization techniques for proteomic analysis , 2011, Expert review of proteomics.

[27]  C. Robinson,et al.  Ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals long-lived, unfolded intermediates in the dissociation of protein complexes. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  M. Karas,et al.  Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons. , 1988, Analytical chemistry.

[29]  R. Knochenmuss Ion formation mechanisms in UV-MALDI. , 2006, The Analyst.

[30]  L. Konermann,et al.  Protein–Protein Binding Affinities in Solution Determined by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[31]  A. Harms,et al.  On-line microdialysis sample cleanup for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of nucleic acid samples. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[32]  A. T. Iavarone,et al.  Buffer loading for counteracting metal salt-induced signal suppression in electrospray ionization. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[33]  John B Fenn,et al.  Electrospray wings for molecular elephants (Nobel lecture). , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[34]  R. Cooks,et al.  Ambient Mass Spectrometry , 2006, Science.

[35]  I. Kaltashov,et al.  Do ionic charges in ESI MS provide useful information on macromolecular structure? , 2008, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[36]  P. Schnier,et al.  Reliable Determinations of Protein–Ligand Interactions by Direct ESI-MS Measurements. Are We There Yet? , 2012, Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[37]  E. Williams,et al.  Mechanism of charging and supercharging molecules in electrospray ionization. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[38]  R. Zenobi,et al.  Evolution of the solvent polarity in an electrospray plume , 2010, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[39]  J. Fenn,et al.  A continuum model for ion evaporation from a drop: effect of curvature and charge on ion solvation energy , 2000 .

[40]  L. Konermann,et al.  On the formation of highly charged gaseous ions from unfolded proteins by electrospray ionization. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  Martial Rey,et al.  Probing protein interactions with hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry-a review. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[42]  F Hillenkamp,et al.  Infrared MALDI mass spectrometry of large nucleic acids. , 1998, Science.

[43]  A. Gomez,et al.  Charge and fission of droplets in electrostatic sprays , 1994 .

[44]  P. Kebarle,et al.  Electrospray: from ions in solution to ions in the gas phase, what we know now. , 2009, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[45]  M. Wilm,et al.  Analytical properties of the nanoelectrospray ion source. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  C. Enke,et al.  Electrochemical processes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry , 2000, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[47]  R. Elber,et al.  The dynamics of water evaporation from partially solvated cytochrome c in the gas phase. , 2007, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.