Fine particle emission factors from vehicles in a highway tunnel: Effects of fleet composition and season

In-use, fuel-based motor vehicle emission factors were determined using measurements made in a highway tunnel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Concentrations Of PM2.5 mass, CO, CO2, and NO, were measured continuously. Filter-based measurements included PM2.5 mass, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EQ, inorganic ions and metals. Fuel-based emission factors for each pollutant were calculated using a fuel-carbon balance. The weekday traffic volume and fleet composition varied in a consistent diurnal pattern with the estimated fraction of fuel consumed by heavy-duty diesel ve ' hicle (HDDV) traffic ranging from 11% to 36%. The emission rate of most species showed a significant dependence on sample period. NOx, PM2.5, EC and OC emission factors were significantly larger during the early morning, truckdominated period. Emissions of particulate metals associated with brake wear (Cu, Sb, Ba and potentially Ga) were emitted at higher rates during the rush-hour period, which is characterized by slower, stop-and-go traffic. Emission rates of crustal elements (Fe, Ca, Mg, Li), Zn and Mn were highest during the early-morning period when there was more heavytruck traffic. A seasonal shift in average OC/EC ratio for the rush-hour period was observed; fall and summer OC/EC ratios are 1.0+0.6 and 0.26+0.06, respectively. Potential causes for this shift are increased partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds into the gas phase during the summer months and/or effects of seasonal changes in fuel formulation. Emission factors for HDDV and light-duty vehicles (LDV) classes were estimated using a linear regression of emission factor as a function of fleet composition. The extrapolated emission factors generally agree with previously published measurements, though a substantial range in published values is noted. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[1]  J. Schauer,et al.  Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[2]  J. C. Cabada,et al.  Positive and Negative Artifacts in Particulate Organic Carbon Measurements with Denuded and Undenuded Sampler Configurations Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program , 2004 .

[3]  M. Graboski,et al.  In-Use Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles , 2000 .

[4]  Barbara J. Turpin,et al.  Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects , 2000 .

[5]  Andrew J. Kean,et al.  On-Road Measurement of Ammonia and Other Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions , 2000 .

[6]  Thomas W. Kirchstetter,et al.  Corrigendum to “On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles” [Atmospheric Environment 33 (18) (1999) 2955–2968] , 2002 .

[7]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol , 1991 .

[8]  S. Rogak,et al.  Gaseous emissions from vehicles in a traffic tunnel in Vancouver, British Columbia. , 1998, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[9]  A W Gertler,et al.  On-road particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) emissions in the Sepulveda Tunnel, Los Angeles, California. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[10]  R. Harley,et al.  Impact of Oxygenated Gasoline Use on California Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions , 1996 .

[11]  J Wayne Miller,et al.  Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[12]  David D. Nelson,et al.  Remote sensing of NO and NO2 emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks using tunable diode lasers , 1999, Optics & Photonics.

[13]  M. Fraser,et al.  Emissions of Organic Compounds and Trace Metals in Fine Particulate Matter from Motor Vehicles: A Tunnel Study in Houston, Texas , 2005, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[14]  Gary A. Bishop,et al.  On-Road Remote Sensing of Heavy-duty Diesel Truck Emissions in the Austin-San Marcos Area : August 1998 , 2000 .

[15]  Thomas D. Durbin,et al.  Particulate emission rates from light-duty vehicles in the South Coast Air Quality Management District , 1999 .

[16]  Barbara Zielinska,et al.  Real-world automotive emissions—Summary of studies in the Fort McHenry and Tuscarora mountain tunnels , 1995 .

[17]  Barbara J. Turpin,et al.  Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass , 2001 .

[18]  C. Davidson,et al.  Determination of trace elements in ambient aerosol samples , 2005 .

[19]  Allen L Robinson,et al.  Effects of dilution on fine particle mass and partitioning of semivolatile organics in diesel exhaust and wood smoke. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[20]  Andrew J. Kean,et al.  Effects of vehicle speed and engine load on motor vehicle emissions. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  C. Davidson,et al.  Modeling the diurnal variation of nitrate during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study , 2004 .

[22]  G R Cass,et al.  Emissions of size-segregated aerosols from on-road vehicles in the Caldecott tunnel. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[23]  Barbara Zielinska,et al.  Emission Rates and Comparative Chemical Composition from Selected In-Use Diesel and Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles , 2004, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[24]  S. G. Fritz,et al.  Variation in composition of fine particulate emissions from heavy‐duty diesel vehicles , 2002 .

[25]  J. Chow,et al.  Characterization of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions , 1994 .

[26]  R A Harley,et al.  Separation of fine particulate matter emitted from gasoline and diesel vehicles using chemical mass balancing techniques. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[27]  Ken Nelson,et al.  COMPOSITION OF LIGHT-DUTY MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE DENVER, COLORADO AREA , 1999 .

[28]  J. C. Cabada,et al.  Mass size distributions and size resolved chemical composition of fine particulate matter at the Pittsburgh supersite , 2004 .

[29]  Joseph M Norbeck.  Characterization of particulate emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles. , 1998 .

[30]  A. Robinson,et al.  Spatial Variations of PM2.5 During the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study , 2004 .

[31]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks , 1993 .

[32]  Judith C. Chow,et al.  Guideline on Speciated Particulate Monitoring , 1998 .

[33]  Christopher A. Laroo,et al.  Brake Wear Particulate Matter Emissions , 2000 .

[34]  P. Barber,et al.  Remote sensing of PM, NO, CO and HC emission factors for on-road gasoline and diesel engine vehicles in Las Vegas, NV. , 2003, The Science of the total environment.

[35]  P. Barber,et al.  On-Road Vehicle Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emission Distributions in Las Vegas, Nevada, Compared with Other Areas , 2004, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[36]  Constantinos Sioutas,et al.  Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Volatility of PM in the Proximity of a Light-Duty Vehicle Freeway , 2005 .

[37]  Allen L. Robinson,et al.  Positive and Negative Artifacts in Particulate Organic Carbon Measurements with Denuded and Undenuded Sampler Configurations Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program , 2004 .

[38]  Åke Sjödin,et al.  Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of resuspension: results from two tunnel studies , 2002 .

[39]  B. Turpin,et al.  Fine particle emission profile for a large coke production facility based on highly time-resolved fence line measurements , 2005 .

[40]  M. Graboski,et al.  CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER STUDY OF EMISSIONS FROM 21 IN-USE HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES , 1999 .

[41]  Thomas W. Kirchstetter,et al.  On-Road Emissions of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Black Carbon from Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles , 1998 .

[42]  Alan W Gertler,et al.  Real-world particulate matter and gaseous emissions from motor vehicles in a highway tunnel. , 2002, Research report.

[43]  R. Harley,et al.  On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles , 1999 .

[44]  D. Allen,et al.  Analysis of motor vehicle emissions in a Houston tunnel during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 , 2004 .