Real-time control strategy to maximize hybrid electric vehicle powertrain efficiency

The proposed supervisory control system (SCS) uses a control map to maximize the powertrain efficiency of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in real-time. The paper presents the methodology and structure of the control, including a novel, comprehensive and unified expression for the overall powertrain efficiency that considers the engine-generator set and the battery in depth as well as the power electronics. A control map is then produced with instructions for the optimal power share between the engine branch and battery branch of the vehicle such that the powertrain efficiency is maximized. This map is computed off-line and can thereafter be operated in real-time at very low computational cost. A charge sustaining factor is also developed and introduced to ensure the SCS operates the vehicle within desired SOC bounds. This SCS is then tested and benchmarked against two conventional control strategies in a high-fidelity vehicle model, representing a series HEV. Extensive simulation results are presented for repeated cycles of a diverse range of standard driving cycles, showing significant improvements in fuel economy (up to 20%) and less aggressive use of the battery.

[1]  Simos A. Evangelou,et al.  Efficiency maximizing and charge sustaining supervisory control for series hybrid electric vehicles , 2012, 2012 IEEE 51st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[2]  Olivier Tremblay,et al.  Experimental validation of a battery dynamic model for EV applications , 2009 .

[3]  Thierry-Marie Guerra,et al.  Equivalent consumption minimization strategy for parallel hybrid powertrains , 2002, Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367).

[4]  Gilbert M. Masters,et al.  Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems , 2004 .

[5]  Volkan Sezer,et al.  A Novel ECMS and Combined Cost Map Approach for High-Efficiency Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[6]  Xiaosong Hu,et al.  A comparative study of equivalent circuit models for Li-ion batteries , 2012 .

[7]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Optimal control of parallel hybrid electric vehicles , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[8]  X. He,et al.  Energy management strategies for a hybrid electric vehicle , 2005, 2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[9]  Ramon Gonzalez,et al.  Energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A comparative study , 2014 .

[10]  Elvio A. Pilotta,et al.  Optimal power split in a hybrid electric vehicle using direct transcription of an optimal control problem , 2009, Math. Comput. Simul..

[11]  Ahmet Teke,et al.  A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle: Powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units , 2011 .

[12]  Hosam K. Fathy,et al.  Comparison of Supervisory Control Strategies for Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains Through Dynamic Programming , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[13]  M. Ouyang,et al.  Approximate Pontryagin’s minimum principle applied to the energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2014 .

[14]  Xiaosong Hu,et al.  Longevity-conscious dimensioning and power management of the hybrid energy storage system in a fuel cell hybrid electric bus , 2015 .

[15]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Convex Optimization for the Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Engine Start and Gearshift Costs , 2014 .

[16]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[17]  Hongwen He,et al.  A Comparative Study of Supervisory Control Strategies for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2009, 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[18]  F.Z. Peng,et al.  Comparison of Traditional Inverters and $Z$ -Source Inverter for Fuel Cell Vehicles , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[19]  D.A. Crolla,et al.  Controller design for hybrid vehicles — state of the art review , 2008, 2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[20]  Simona Onori,et al.  ECMS as a realization of Pontryagin's minimum principle for HEV control , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[21]  P. K. Jain,et al.  A Novel ZVZCS Full-Bridge DC/DC Converter Used for Electric Vehicles , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[22]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Vehicle Propulsion Systems , 2013 .

[23]  Matteo Repetto,et al.  Improvement of powertrain efficiency through energy breakdown analysis , 2014 .

[24]  Mutasim A. Salman,et al.  Energy management strategies for parallel hybrid vehicles using fuzzy logic , 2000 .

[25]  C. Arana,et al.  Series hybrid electric vehicle supervisory control based on off-line efficiency optimization , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference.

[26]  Xiaosong Hu,et al.  Energy efficiency analysis of a series plug-in hybrid electric bus with different energy management strategies and battery sizes , 2013 .

[27]  Ali Emadi,et al.  Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles : fundamentals, theory, and design , 2009 .

[28]  F. R. Salmasi,et al.  Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Evolution, Classification, Comparison, and Future Trends , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[29]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Convex Optimization , 2004, Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook.

[30]  Simos A. Evangelou,et al.  Advances in the modelling and control of series hybrid electric vehicles , 2012, 2012 American Control Conference (ACC).

[31]  Diego Feroldi,et al.  Energy management strategies based on efficiency map for fuel cell hybrid vehicles , 2009 .

[32]  Tomaž Katrašnik,et al.  Analytical method to evaluate fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicles at balanced energy content of the electric storage devices , 2010 .

[33]  Huei Peng,et al.  Power management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric truck , 2003, IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol..