Schizophrenia and the mirror system: an essay

We analyze how data on the mirror system for grasping in macaque and human ground the mirror system hypothesis for the evolution of the language-ready human brain, and then focus on this putative relation between hand movements and speech to contribute to the understanding of how it may be that a schizophrenic patient generates an action (whether manual or verbal) but does not attribute the generation of that action to himself. We make a crucial discussion between self-monitoring and attribution of agency. We suggest that verbal hallucinations occur when an utterance progresses through verbal creation pathways and returns as a vocalization observed, only to be dismissed as external since no record of its being created has been kept. Schizophrenic patients on this theory then confabulate the agent.

[1]  M. Arbib,et al.  Language within our grasp , 1998, Trends in Neurosciences.

[2]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[3]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Forward Models: Supervised Learning with a Distal Teacher , 1992, Cogn. Sci..

[4]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  Imitation in Animals and Artifacts , 2002 .

[5]  Marc Jeannerod.  How Do We Decipher Others' Minds? , 2005, Who Needs Emotions?.

[6]  M. Jeannerod,et al.  Looking for the agent: an investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients , 1997, Cognition.

[7]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Connections of inferior temporal areas TEO and TE with parietal and frontal cortex in macaque monkeys. , 1994, Cerebral cortex.

[8]  Cajal and consciousness: scientific approaches to consciousness on the centennial of Ramón y Cajal's Textura. Proceedings of a meeting. November 29-December 1, 1999. Zaragoza, Spain. , 2001, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[9]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Interweaving protosign and protospeech: Further developments beyond the mirror , 2005 .

[10]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  The Mirror System, Imitation, and the Evolution of Language , 1999 .

[11]  M. Arbib.  Co‐Evolution of Human Consciousness and Language , 2001, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[12]  T. Shallice,et al.  “Sculpting the Response Space”—An Account of Left Prefrontal Activation at Encoding , 2000, NeuroImage.

[13]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Prefrontal cortex dysfunction mediates deficits in working memory and prepotent responding in schizophrenia , 2003, Biological Psychiatry.

[14]  M. Jeannerod.  The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery , 1994, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[15]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Synthetic brain imaging: grasping, mirror neurons and imitation , 2000, Neural Networks.

[16]  M. Arbib,et al.  Neural expectations : A possible evolutionary path from manual skills to language , 1996 .

[17]  M. Jeannerod,et al.  Anticipating incoming events: an impaired cognitive process in schizophrenia , 2001, Cognition.

[18]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Language evolution: neural homologies and neuroinformatics , 2003, Neural Networks.

[19]  M. Stephane,et al.  Auditory verbal hallucinations and dysfunction of the neural substrates of speech , 2001, Schizophrenia Research.

[20]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Who Needs Emotions? - The brain meets the robot , 2004, Who Needs Emotions?.

[21]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  ß Federation of European Neuroscience Societies Mirror , 2003 .

[22]  A. Goldman,et al.  Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading , 1998, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[23]  C. W. Greene.  THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 1922, Science.

[24]  R. Mansfield,et al.  Analysis of visual behavior , 1982 .

[25]  E. Daprati,et al.  Confusion between silent and overt reading in schizophrenia , 2000, Schizophrenia Research.

[26]  J. Gorman,et al.  Source monitoring impairments in schizophrenia: characterisation and associations with positive and negative symptomatology , 2002, Psychiatry Research.

[27]  D. Wolpert,et al.  Explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia: Abnormalities in the awareness of action , 2000, Brain Research Reviews.

[28]  Nick Chater,et al.  Mechanisms of imitation and imitation in animals , 2005 .

[29]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Modeling parietal-premotor interactions in primate control of grasping , 1998, Neural Networks.

[30]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Schema design and implementation of the grasp-related mirror neuron system , 2002, Biological Cybernetics.

[31]  Giacomo Rizzolatti,et al.  Grasping movements: visuomotor transformations , 1998 .

[32]  C. Frith.  Attention to action and awareness of other minds , 2002, Consciousness and Cognition.

[33]  Shaun Gallagher,et al.  Self-reference and schizophrenia: A cognitive model of immunity to error through misidentification. , 2000 .

[34]  R. Johansson,et al.  Influences of Cutaneous Sensory Input on the Motor Coordination During Precision Manipulation , 1984 .

[35]  M. Arbib,et al.  Grasping objects: the cortical mechanisms of visuomotor transformation , 1995, Trends in Neurosciences.

[36]  Leonardo Fogassi,et al.  Mirror neurons, gestures and language evolution , 2004 .

[37]  M. Jeannerod,et al.  Defective recognition of one's own actions in patients with schizophrenia. , 2001, The American journal of psychiatry.

[38]  M. Arbib.  From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics , 2005, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[39]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Perceptual Structures and Distributed Motor Control , 1981 .

[40]  Dan Zahavi,et al.  Exploring the self : philosophical and psychopathological perspectives on self-experience , 2000 .

[41]  G. Graham,et al.  Self-Consciousness, Mental Agency, and the Clinical Psychopathology of Thought Insertion , 2009 .

[42]  M. Arbib,et al.  Infant grasp learning: a computational model , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[43]  R. Miall,et al.  Connecting mirror neurons and forward models. , 2003, Neuroreport.

[44]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Hearing Sounds, Understanding Actions: Action Representation in Mirror Neurons , 2002, Science.

[45]  Dc Washington.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. , 1994 .

[46]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  The handbook of brain theory and neural networks , 1995, A Bradford book.

[47]  Y. Sarfati,et al.  Attribution of intentions to others in people with schizophrenia: a non-verbal exploration with comic strips , 1997, Schizophrenia Research.

[48]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  The Cortical Motor System , 2001, Neuron.