Abstract Silences in the three best and three poorest outcome dyads of client-centered psychotherapy in the York Depression Project I were coded using the Pausing Inventory Categorization System (PICS). Across 90 sessions, 1,503 silences of 3 s or longer were coded. In accordance with the hypotheses proposed by the PICS, the good-outcome dyads exhibited more emotional, expressive, and high reflective silences and fewer disengaged and interactional silences than the poor-outcome dyads. Three sampling strategies were compared with the complete census of silence data: one sampled the first three, middle three, and last three sessions, whereas the other 2 randomly sampled either a quarter or a half of every session. The one-half random sampling strategy provided results closest to the complete census. The PICS now can be situated as a process measure with a conceptual basis in qualitative research on clients’ experience, high client–rater and interrater reliability, validation by means of quantitative research on outcome group differentiation, and an empirically tested sampling method. Zusammenfassung Die Einschätzung von Pausen im Psychotherapie-Dialog: Die Entwicklung eines Kategoriensystems und eine empirisch abgeleitete Strategie zur Erhebung von Stichproben Pausen, in den vom Ergebnis her drei besten und drei schlechtesten Dyaden klientenzentrierter Psychotherapie im Depressionsprojekt von York wurden mit Hilfe des Pausenkategorisierungsystems-Fragebogens (Pausing Inventory Categorization System [PICS]) codiert. Über 90 Sitzungen hinweg wurden 1503 Pausen von drei Sekunden oder länger codiert. In Übereinstimmung mit den von PICS abgeleiteten Hypothesen, zeigten Dyaden mit guten Ergebnissen mehr emotionales, expressives und in hohem Maße reflektierendes Schweigen und weniger interaktive Pausen oder Schweigen nach niedrigem Engagement als Dyaden mit schlechteren Ergebnissen. Die Strategie zur Bildung von Stichproben wurde mit dem gesamten Datenmaterial zur Pausenerhebung verglichen: Die erste Methode bezog sich auf die ersten drei, die mittleren drei und die letzten drei Sitzungen, während die beiden anderen Methoden dem Zufall nach entweder ein Viertel oder die Hälfte aller Sitzungen erfassten. Die Erfassung der Hälfte jeder Sitzung erbrachte Ergebnisse, die der Erfassung durch das Gesamtmaterial am nächsten kamen. PICS kann nun als ein Prozessmaß mit einer theoretischen Grundlage sowohl bei qualitativen als auch quantitativen Untersuchungen angesehen werden bezüglich der Erfassung von Klienten und hinsichtlich der Ergebnisdifferenzierung von Gruppen, mit einer hohen Klienten- Rater- und Interrater-Übereinstimmung und einer empirisch getesteten Methode zur Bildung von Datenstichproben. Résumé Evaluer des processus silencieux en psychothérapie : un système de catégorisation et une stratégie d’échantillonnage empiriquement dérivés Les silences dans les 3 dyades au résultat le meilleur et les 3 au résultat le plus modeste de psychothérapies centrées sur le client faisant partie du Projet de Dépression I de York étaient cotés à l'aide du Système de Catégorisation de l'Inventaire des Pauses (PICS). A travers 90 séances, 1,503 silences de 3 sec ou plus étaient cotés. En accord avec les hypothèses proposées par le PICS, les dyades favorables ont montré des silences plus émotionnels, plus expressifs et hautement réflexifs, et moins de silences désengagés et interactionnels que les dyades à résultat modeste. Trois stratégies d’échantillonnage étaient comparées avec le compte total des données de silence : 1 échantillonnait les 3 premières séances, les 3 du milieu et les 3 dernières, alors que les deux autres échantillonnaient au hasard soit un quart soit la moitié de chaque séance. L’échantillonnage par la moitié aboutissait au résultats les plus proche du compte total. Le PICS peut maintenant être situé comme une mesure de processus avec une base conceptuelle dans la recherche qualitative sur l'expérience des clients, avec une fidélité client – juge et inter – juge haute, une validation par la recherche quantitative sur la différentiation des groupes d'efficacité, ainsi qu'avec une méthode d’échantillonnage empiriquement testée. Resumen Evaluación de los procesos silenciosos en psicoterapia: un sistema de categorización y una estrategia de muestreo empíricamente obtenicas Se codificaron los silencios de los 3 mejores y los 3 peores resultados de las díadas de psicoterapia centrada en el cliente en el Proyecto York de Depresión I por medio del Inventario del Sistema de categorizaciónde Pausas (PICS). Durante 90 sesiones, se codificaron 1.503 silencios de 3 segundos o más largas. De acuerdo con las hipótesis propuestas por el PICS, los Buenos resultados de las díadas mostraron silencios más emocionales, expresivos y altamente reflexivos y menores desconexiones y silencios interaccionales que las díadas de resultados pobres. Se compararon tres muestras de estrategias con el ceso complete de datos de silencio: 1 tomó muestras de las primeras 3, las 3 del medio y las últimas 3 sesiones, mientras que las otras 2 tomaron muestras randomizadas de un cuarto o de la mitad de cada session. La estrategia de muestreo de media randomizada dio resultados más cercanos al censo complete. El PICS puede situarse ahora como un proceso de medición con una base conceptual en investigación cualitativa sobre la experiencia de los clients, altos evaluadores de cliente (high client_/rater) y confiabilidad entre juices, validación por medio de investigación cuantitativa en el resultado de diferenciación grupal y un método de muestreo testeado empíricamente. Resumo Avaliando os processos silenciosos em psicoterapia: Um sistema de categorização empiricamente derivado e uma estratégia de amostragem Foram cotados os silêncios das 3 melhores e 3 piores díades de resultados terapêuticos de psicoterapia centrada no cliente do Projecto da Depressão de York I usando o Sistema de Categorização do Inventário de Pausas (PICS). Ao longo de 90 sessões, foram cotadas 1503 silêncios de 3 ou mais segundos. De acordo com a hipótese proposta pela PICS, as díades de resultado terapêutico positivo exibiam silêncios mais emocionais, expressivos e altamente reflexivos e menos silêncios de desinteresse e interaccionais que as díades com resultados mais pobres. Foram comparadas três estratégias de amostragem com o censo completo dos dados de silêncios recolhidos: Um seleccionou as primeiras 3 sessões, 3 sessões intermédias e as 3 sessões finais; enquanto que as outras duas amostraram aleatoriamente ou um quarto ou metade de cada sessão. A estratégia de amostrar aleatoriamente metade das sessões forneceu os resultados mais aproximados aos do censo completo. O PICS pode agora ser posicionado como uma medida de processo com base conceptual na investigação qualitativa da experiência do cliente, elevada fidelidade cliente-juiz e interjuízes, validação através da investigação quantitativa na diferenciação dos resultados de grupo, e como um método de amostragem empiricamente testado. Sommario Valutare i processi silenti nella psicoterapia: sistema di categorizzazione empiricamente derivata e strategia di campionamento Sono stati valutati nel York Depression Project i silenzi relativi alle 3 migliori ed alle 3 più povere diadi di psicoterapie centrate sul cliente. I silenzi sono stati codificati usando il Pausing Inventory Categorization System (PICS). Attraverso 90 sedute, sono stati codificati 1.503 silenzi di 3 secondi o più lunghi. In conformità con le ipotesi proposte dal PICS, le diadi con buoni outcome hanno esibito i silenzi riflettenti più emozioni, più espressivi ed elevata riflessione e impegnato pochi silenzi interrelazionali rispetto le altre diadi. Sono state paragonate tre strategie di campionamento al censimento completo dei dati relativi al silenzio: la prima strategia ha provato le prime 3, le 3 di mezzo e le ultime 3 sessioni, mentre le altre 2 strategie hanno provato a caso un quarto o una metà di ogni sessione. La strategia della metà casuale del campione ha fornito i risultati più vicini al censimento completo. Il PICS ora può essere ritenuto come una misura per una base concettuale nella ricerca qualitativa dell'esperienza sui clienti, ad alta affidabilità del interrater reliability clienti/valutatori, validato attraverso la ricerca quantitativa fondata sugli outcome del gruppo, e empiricamente testato con un metodo di campionamento. Abstract
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