Models and visions of science–policy interaction: Remarks from a Delphi study in Italy

In recent decades, many disciplines have dealt with the relationship between scientific research and policy-making, and many different models for science–policy interactions have been proposed. This paper aims to investigate the models of science–policy interaction implicitly or explicitly adopted by stakeholders, by means of a Delphi study performed with Italian researchers, politicians, doctors and journalists. The study was developed within the framework of the European project on Research into Policy to Enhance Physical Activity, which aimed to improve evidence-informed policy-making using the field of physical activity as the case study. Our results show the persistence of the traditional linear model and how it coexists with subsequent models in the same individual visions.

[1]  Ian Masser,et al.  Delphi Revisited: Expert Opinion in Urban Analysis , 1987 .

[2]  S. Jasanoff,et al.  The Fifth Branch: Science Advisers as Policymakers. , 1991 .

[3]  R. Reintjes,et al.  Developing policy options for SARS and SARS-like diseases – a Delphi study , 2010, Global public health.

[4]  George Wright,et al.  Delphi: A reevaluation of research and theory , 1991 .

[5]  Uma G. Gupta,et al.  Theory and applications of the Delphi technique: A bibliography (1975–1994) , 1996 .

[6]  R. Bal,et al.  Coordination of research, policy and practice: A case study of collaboration in the field of public health , 2011 .

[7]  Réjean Landry,et al.  The Extent and Determinants of the Utilization of University Research in Government Agencies , 2003 .

[8]  A. Irwin.  Constructing the scientific citizen: Science and democracy in the biosciences , 2001 .

[9]  B. Latour.  Science in Action , 1987 .

[10]  I. Nonaka,et al.  How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation , 1995 .

[11]  M. Polanyi.  Chapter 7 – The Tacit Dimension , 1997 .

[12]  J. E. Anderson.  Public Policymaking: An Introduction , 1975 .

[13]  P. John,et al.  Can Citizen Governance Redress the Representative Bias of Political Participation , 2009 .

[14]  E. Rametsteiner,et al.  Indicator development as 'boundary spanning' between scientists and policy-makers , 2009 .

[15]  Policy pathways, policy networks, and citizen deliberation: Disseminating the results of World Wide Views on Global Warming in the USA , 2013 .

[16]  M. Lengwiler.  Participatory Approaches in Science and Technology , 2008 .

[17]  T. Gieryn.  Boundary-work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional , 1983 .

[18]  Lester Breslow,et al.  Making Cancer Policy , 1988 .

[19]  S. Straus,et al.  Development of a mentorship strategy: A knowledge translation case study , 2008, The Journal of continuing education in the health professions.

[20]  Yi-Fang Lee,et al.  Methodological and conceptual issues confronting a cross-country Delphi study of educational program evaluation. , 2008, Evaluation and program planning.

[21]  Nathaniel J. Logar.  Scholarly science policy models and real policy, RSD for SciSIP in US Mission Agencies , 2011 .

[22]  Towards a broader definition of policy making and its evaluation , 1981 .

[23]  M. Meyer,et al.  Situating knowledge intermediation: Insights from science shops and knowledge brokers , 2013 .

[24]  Arnout R. H. Fischer,et al.  Expert involvement in policy development: A systematic review of current practice , 2014 .

[25]  Dahl,et al.  A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation , 1994 .

[26]  Daniela Luzi,et al.  Different contexts in electronic communication: some remarks on the communicability of scientific knowledge , 2000, J. Documentation.

[27]  S. Jasanoff.  Science and citizenship: a new synergy , 2004 .

[28]  Michael Gibbons,et al.  Transfer sciences: management of distributed knowledge production , 1994 .

[29]  C. Weiss.  The many meanings of research utilization. , 1979 .

[30]  H. Davies,et al.  Using Evidence: How research can inform public services , 2007 .

[31]  L. Salter,et al.  Mandated Science: Science and Scientists in the Making of Standards , 1988 .

[32]  S. Straus,et al.  Lost in knowledge translation: Time for a map? , 2006, The Journal of continuing education in the health professions.

[33]  Andrea Lippi.  La valutazione delle politiche pubbliche , 2007 .

[34]  Anita Kothari,et al.  Extending Collaborations for Knowledge Translation: Lessons from the Community-based Participatory Research Literature , 2010 .

[35]  H. M. Collins,et al.  The Third Wave of Science Studies , 2002, Science, Technology, and Society.

[36]  English) Modularité et inclusion dans les pratiques de participation (Italiano) Modularité et inclusion dans les pratiques de participation , 2011 .

[37]  Susana Borrás,et al.  Policy Learning and Organizational Capacities in Innovation Policies , 2011 .

[38]  Nabil Amara,et al.  New Evidence on Instrumental, Conceptual, and Symbolic Utilization of University Research in Government Agencies , 2004 .

[39]  Réjean Landry,et al.  The Extent and Organizational Determinants of Research Utilization in Canadian Health Services Organizations , 2007 .

[40]  Gemma Derrick,et al.  Democratising research evaluation: Achieving greater public engagement with bibliometrics-informed peer review , 2013 .

[41]  B. Lundvall,et al.  The Learning Economy , 1994 .

[42]  V. Sauter,et al.  Approaches to the Study of Information Utilization in Public Agencies , 1984 .

[43]  Bonnie Spring,et al.  Toward a transdisciplinary model of evidence-based practice. , 2009, The Milbank quarterly.

[44]  Sheila Jasanoff,et al.  Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing Science , 2003 .

[45]  Funtowicz Silvio.  Why Knowledge Assessment , 2006 .

[46]  V. Bush.  Science, the Endless Frontier , 1999, Science, the Endless Frontier.

[47]  S. Funtowicz,et al.  Science for the Post-Normal Age , 1993, Commonplace.

[48]  Farah Huzair,et al.  An interdisciplinary and development lens on knowledge translation , 2013 .

[49]  Matteo Bassoli,et al.  Participatory Budgeting in Italy: An Analysis of (Almost Democratic) Participatory Governance Arrangements , 2012 .

[50]  John N Lavis,et al.  Examining the role of health services research in public policymaking. , 2002, The Milbank quarterly.