Eco-toxicity and metal contamination of paddy soil in an e-wastes recycling area.

Paddy soil samples taken from different sites in an old primitive electronic-waste (e-waste) processing region were examined for eco-toxicity and metal contamination. Using the environmental quality standard for soils (China, Grade II) as reference, soil samples of two sites were weakly contaminated with trace metal, but site G was heavily contaminated with Cd (6.37 mg kg(-1)), and weakly contaminated with Cu (256.36 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (209.85 mg kg(-1)). Zn appeared to be strongly bound in the residual fraction (72.24-77.86%), no matter the soil was metal contaminated or not. However, more than 9% Cd and 16% Cu was present in the non-residual fraction in the metal contaminated soils than in the uncontaminated soil, especially for site G and site F. Compared with that of the control soil, the micronucleus rates of site G and site F soil treatments increased by 2.7-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively. Low germination rates were observed in site C (50%) and site G (50%) soil extraction treated rice seeds. The shortest root length (0.2377 cm) was observed in site G soil treated groups, which is only 37.57% of that of the control soil treated groups. All of the micronucleus ratio of Vicia faba root cells, rice germination rate and root length after treatment of soil extraction indicate the eco-toxicity in site F and G soils although the three indexes are different in sensitivity to soil metal contamination.

[1]  Edward Peltier,et al.  Assessing nickel bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils. , 2006, The Science of the total environment.

[2]  K. Schramm,et al.  Biological in vitro emission control , 1999 .

[3]  M. Gutiérrez-Rojas,et al.  In vitro evaluation of germination and growth of five plant species on medium supplemented with hydrocarbons associated with contaminated soils. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[4]  G. Vallini,et al.  Evaluation of tests to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils , 2008, Environmental geochemistry and health.

[5]  A. Tessier,et al.  Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals , 1979 .

[6]  Adnan Aydin,et al.  Evidence of excessive releases of metals from primitive e-waste processing in Guiyu, China. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[7]  Jinhui Li,et al.  Status quo of e-waste management in mainland China , 2006 .

[8]  T. Ma.  The international program on plant bioassays and the report of the follow-up study after the hands-on workshop in China. , 1999, Mutation research.

[9]  Ming H Wong,et al.  Trace metal contamination of sediments in an e-waste processing village in China. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[10]  Sac-fry Stages,et al.  OECD GUIDELINE FOR TESTING OF CHEMICALS , 2002 .

[11]  Guibin Jiang,et al.  Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from e-waste recycling site. , 2006, Talanta.

[12]  B. Wilke,et al.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (HMs) as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[13]  Wim Salomons,et al.  Environmental impact of metals derived from mining activities: Processes, predictions, prevention , 1995 .

[14]  G. Renella,et al.  Availability and speciation of cadmium added to a calcareous soil under various managements , 2004 .

[15]  K C Cheung,et al.  Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils at Guiyu area of China, affected by recycling of electronic waste using primitive technologies. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[16]  J. Bollag,et al.  Microbial immobilization of cadmium released from CdO in the soil , 2004 .

[17]  Z. Cai,et al.  Environmental contamination from electronic waste recycling at Guiyu, southeast China , 2006 .

[18]  H. Wang.  Clastogenicity of chromium contaminated soil samples evaluated by Vicia root-micronucleus assay. , 1999, Mutation research.

[19]  W. Grant,et al.  The present status of higher plant bioassays for the detection of environmental mutagens. , 1994, Mutation research.

[20]  T. Ma,et al.  The improved Allium/Vicia root tip micronucleus assay for clastogenicity of environmental pollutants. , 1995, Mutation research.

[21]  Yong-Chul Jang,et al.  Leaching of lead from computer printed wire boards and cathode ray tubes by municipal solid waste landfill leachates. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[22]  Wang Jin-da,et al.  Ecotoxicity of Cadmium to Maize and Soybean Seedling in Black Soil , 2007 .

[23]  Barry Dellinger,et al.  Origin and Health Impacts of Emissions of Toxic By-Products and Fine Particles from Combustion and Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Wastes and Materials , 2006, Environmental health perspectives.

[24]  Jiamo Fu,et al.  Atmospheric levels and cytotoxicity of PAHs and heavy metals in TSP and PM2.5 at an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China , 2006 .

[25]  Piet N.L. Lens,et al.  Developments in Bioremediation of Soils and Sediments Polluted with Metals and Radionuclides. 3. Influence of Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability on Contaminants Immobilization/Mobilization Bio-processes , 2005 .

[26]  M. T. García-González,et al.  Regulating the mobility of Cd, Cu and Pb in an acid soil with amendments of phosphogypsum, sugar foam, and phosphoric rock , 2006 .

[27]  E. Kandeler,et al.  Effects of heavy metal contamination of soils on micronucleus induction in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: a comparative investigation. , 2002, Mutation research.

[28]  Yuichi Moriguchi,et al.  Current status and research on E-waste issues in Asia , 2006 .

[29]  M. Wong,et al.  Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[30]  Guibin Jiang,et al.  Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[31]  Y. An.  Soil ecotoxicity assessment using cadmium sensitive plants. , 2004, Environmental pollution.

[32]  P. White,et al.  Mutagens in contaminated soil: a review. , 2004, Mutation research.

[33]  K. C. Sahu,et al.  Metal contamination due to mining and milling activities at the Zawar zinc mine, Rajasthan, India: 1. Contamination of stream sediments , 1994 .

[34]  Jan G Hengstler,et al.  Occupational exposure to heavy metals: DNA damage induction and DNA repair inhibition prove co-exposures to cadmium, cobalt and lead as more dangerous than hitherto expected. , 2003, Carcinogenesis.

[35]  P Adamo,et al.  Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). , 2003, Environmental pollution.