Application of Stochastic Decentralized Active Demand Response (DADR) System for Load Frequency Control

The basic idea of decentralized demand response systems is not new, however, material presented in the subject matter literature is usually limited to general ideas and possible system services. In this paper, the original stochastic decentralized active demand response (DADR) system is presented in the form of an application-ready control algorithm. The results of simulation investigations have confirmed that the proposed stochastic DADR solution, because of its high dynamic response in dealing with disturbance phenomena, might be used as part of both the primary and the secondary load frequency control in electrical power systems. The applicability of the proposed algorithm for control of refrigerators has been numerically tested for various system parameters. Fulfillment of all assumed DADR system requirements concerning high dynamic, “soft” operation, fair share in service as well as minimization of degradation in comfort of use of DADR controlled devices have been confirmed in numerical evaluations.

[1]  Marko Aunedi,et al.  Economic and Environmental Benefits of Dynamic Demand in Providing Frequency Regulation , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[2]  M. Jarnut,et al.  Compensation of CM voltage in interfaces for LV distributed generation , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[3]  David Angeli,et al.  Decentralized random control of refrigerator appliances , 2011 .

[4]  G. Strbac,et al.  Decentralized Participation of Flexible Demand in Electricity Markets—Part I: Market Mechanism , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[5]  Grzegorz Benysek,et al.  AC/DC/DC Interfaces for V2G Applications—EMC Issues , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[6]  Jianzhong Wu,et al.  Primary Frequency Response From Electric Vehicles in the Great Britain Power System , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[7]  C. Y. Chung,et al.  Well-Being Analysis of Generating Systems Considering Electric Vehicle Charging , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[8]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  A Distributed Direct Load Control Approach for Large-Scale Residential Demand Response , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[9]  Ernesto Kofman,et al.  Load management: Model-based control of aggregate power for populations of thermostatically controlled loads , 2012 .

[10]  Jacob Østergaard,et al.  Smart Demand for Frequency Regulation: Experimental Results , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[11]  Stephan Koch,et al.  Provision of Load Frequency Control by PHEVs, Controllable Loads, and a Cogeneration Unit , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[12]  Abbas Ketabi,et al.  An Underfrequency Load Shedding Scheme for Hybrid and Multiarea Power Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[13]  Yang Li,et al.  FPGA-Based Design of Grid Friendly Appliance Controller , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[14]  Hassan Bevrani,et al.  Robust Power System Frequency Control , 2009 .

[15]  Taisuke Masuta,et al.  Supplementary Load Frequency Control by Use of a Number of Both Electric Vehicles and Heat Pump Water Heaters , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[16]  Alessandro Astolfi,et al.  A stochastic approach to distributed power frequency control by means of smart appliances , 2012, 2012 IEEE 51st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[17]  D.G. Infield,et al.  Stabilization of Grid Frequency Through Dynamic Demand Control , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  Richard T. B. Ma,et al.  Distributed Frequency Control in Smart Grids via Randomized Demand Response , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[19]  Nand Kishor,et al.  A literature survey on load–frequency control for conventional and distribution generation power systems , 2013 .

[20]  Mohamed E. El-Hawary,et al.  The Smart Grid—State-of-the-art and future trends , 2014, 2016 Eighteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON).

[21]  Ning Lu,et al.  Design Considerations for Frequency Responsive Grid FriendlyTM Appliances , 2006, 2005/2006 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition.

[22]  Grzegorz Benysek,et al.  Electric vehicle charging infrastructure in Poland , 2012 .

[23]  P. Mancarella,et al.  Decentralized Participation of Flexible Demand in Electricity Markets—Part II: Application With Electric Vehicles and Heat Pump Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[24]  François Bouffard,et al.  Decentralized Demand-Side Contribution to Primary Frequency Control , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[25]  Mario Paolone,et al.  GECN: Primary Voltage Control for Active Distribution Networks via Real-Time Demand-Response , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[26]  Grzegorz Benysek,et al.  Decentralized Active Demand Response (DADR) system for improvement of frequency stability in distribution network , 2016 .