An Introduction to Statistical Problem Solving in Geography

Part 1 Basic Statistical Concepts in Geography: Introduction: The Context of Statistical Techniques The Role of Statistical Methods The Scientific Research Process/Statistical Concepts and Themes Geographic Data: Characteristics and Preparation Selected Dimensions of Geographic Data Levels of Measurement Measurement Concepts Basic Classification Methods Graphic Procedures. Part 2 Descriptive Problem Solving in Geography: Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion and Variability Measures of Shape or Relative Position Spatial Data and Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Spatial Statistics Spatial Measures of Central Tendency Spatial Measures of Dispersion Locational Issues and Descriptive Spatial Statistics. Part 3 The Transition to Inferential Problem Solving: Probability/Deterministic and Probabilistic Processes The Concept of Probability The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution The Normal Distribution Probability Mapping Basic Elements of Sampling Concepts in Sampling Types of Probability Sampling Spatial Sampling Estimation in Sampling Basic Concepts in Estimation Confidence Intervals and Estimation Sample Size Selection. Part 4 Inferential Problem Solving in Geography: Elements of Inferential Statistics Classical Traditional Hypothesis Testing P-Value or Prob-Value Hypothesis Testing Related One Sample Difference Tests Issues in Statistical Test Selection Multiple Sample Difference Tests Two Sample Difference Tests Matched Pairs (Dependent Sample) Difference Tests Three or More Sample Difference Tests Goodness-of-Fit and Categorical Difference Tests Goodness-of-Fit Tests Contingency Analysis Difference Test for Ordinal Categories Inferential Spatial Statistics Point Pattern Analysis Area Pattern Analysis. Part 5 Statistical Relationships Between Variables: Correlation The Nature of Correlation Association of Interval Ratio Variables Association of Ordinal Variables Association of Nominal Variables Use of Correlation Indices in Map Comparison Issues Regarding Correlation Regression Bivariate Regression Multivariate Regression Appendix