Slab coupled optical fiber sensors for electric field sensing applications

Slab Coupled Optical Fiber Sensors for Electric Field Sensing Applications Richard Scott Gibson Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Doctor of Philosophy This dissertation presents the creation of slab coupled optical sensors (SCOS) for electric field sensing applications. SCOS devices utilize the benefits of an optical fiber system for high bandwidth and low electromagnetic interference. These sensors are fabricated by means of mode coupling between a small section of D-shaped optical fiber (D-fiber) with a multi-mode electrooptic slab waveguide. Electric field detection is accomplished by monitoring the behavior of the resonances, seen as transmission dips in the D-fiber transmission, as they shift with electric fields. The novelties of SCOS devices include their small compact nature, potential for sensor multiplexing and a dielectric structure allowing low electromagnetic interference. The SCOS developed in this work been used to measure fields as low as 30 V/m with 1 kHz resolution bandwidth and a high degree of linearity. Due to their compact size they are capable of placement within devices to measure interior electric fields immeasurable by other sensors that are either too large for internal placement or disruptive of the internal fields due to metallic structure. Wavelength multiplexing allows multiple sensors to be placed on a single fiber for mapping electric fields at multiple instances. As an extension, SCOS multiplexing allows the potential for 3-d field sensing by use of multiple electro-optic crystals having orthogonal orientations of the electro-optic axis. This work performs a thorough analysis of SCOS design in order to optimize sensor efficiency for its various applications. Furthermore, the straightforward fabrication process for these sensors is outlined for the development of future uses of these sensors.

[1]  G. Gurzadyan,et al.  Handbook of nonlinear optical crystals , 1991 .

[2]  Yaoquan Tu,et al.  Modeling of Non-linear Optic Properties of Guest-Host Systems , 2006 .

[3]  Qiu Kun,et al.  An integrated electro‐optic E‐field sensor with segmented electrodes , 2004 .

[4]  M A Jensen,et al.  Analysis of etching-induced birefringence changes in elliptic core fibers. , 1992, Applied optics.

[5]  Sien Chi,et al.  Narrow-Band Channel-Dropping Filter Based on Side-Polished Fiber with Long Interaction Length , 2004 .

[6]  Antao Chen,et al.  All-Dielectric Electrooptic Sensor Based on a Polymer Microresonator Coupled Side-Polished Optical Fiber , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[7]  K. P. Panajotov,et al.  Distributed single-mode fiber to single-mode planar waveguide coupler , 1993 .

[8]  Jong-Gwan Yook,et al.  Electrooptic mapping and finite-element modeling of the near-field pattern of a microstrip patch antenna , 2000 .

[9]  P. Katehi,et al.  Electric field mapping system using an optical-fiber-based electrooptic probe , 2001, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[10]  S. Lee,et al.  Noncontact optical fiber coating removal technique with hot air stream , 2005, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[11]  Paul Lagasse,et al.  Integrated optic devices based on nonlinear optical polymers , 1991 .

[12]  F. E. Karasz,et al.  Functional Polymers And Guest-Host Polymer Blends For Optical And Electronic Applications , 1988, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[13]  Carl Baum,et al.  Sensors for Electromagnetic Pulse Measurements Both Inside and Away from Nuclear Source Regions , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[14]  P. Yeh,et al.  Photonics : optical electronics in modern communications , 2006 .

[15]  K. McCallion,et al.  Waveguide fabrication and high-speed in-line intensity modulation in 4- N,N-4'-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate , 1999 .

[16]  Edwin Yue-Bun Pun,et al.  Sellmeier equation for doubly Er/Mg-doped congruent LiNbO_3 crystals , 2009 .

[17]  Graham Thursby,et al.  In line fibre optic electric field sensing technique without interruption of the fibre , 1995 .

[18]  N. Jaeger,et al.  Fiber-optic temperature sensor using evanescent fields in D fibers , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[19]  Andrey Andreev,et al.  Polished fiber-optic coupler with intermediate planar waveguiding layer. II , 1992 .

[20]  Antao Chen,et al.  Broadband electric field sensor with electro-optic polymer micro-ring resonator on side-polished optical fiber , 2006, SPIE OPTO.

[21]  Richard Selfridge,et al.  Dielectric EM Field Probes for HPM Test & Evaluation , 2006 .

[22]  Richard H Selfridge,et al.  Low loss elliptical core D-fiber to PANDA fiber fusion splicing. , 2008, Optics express.

[23]  W. K. Burns,et al.  Mode dispersion in uniaxial optical waveguides , 1974 .

[24]  Bruce H. Robinson,et al.  Recent progress in developing highly efficient and thermally stable nonlinear optical polymers for electro-optics , 2004, SPIE OPTO.

[25]  A. E. Pevler.  Security implications of high-power microwave technology , 1997, 1997 International Symposium on Technology and Society Technology and Society at a Time of Sweeping Change. Proceedings.

[26]  C A Millar,et al.  Exposed-core single-mode-fiber channel-dropping filter using a high-index overlay waveguide. , 1987, Optics letters.

[27]  H. Nagata,et al.  Reliable jacket stripping of optical fibers , 1994 .

[28]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Demonstration of 28 GHz ring resonator based electro-optic polymer modulator , 2006, 2006 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[29]  Richard H Selfridge,et al.  Polarization analysis of surface-relief D-fiber Bragg gratings. , 2007, Applied optics.

[30]  K.A. Michalski,et al.  Electromagnetic wave theory , 1987, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[31]  T. Belenguer,et al.  High-sensitivity temperature sensor based on overlay on side-polished fibers , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[32]  P.R. Cook,et al.  High-speed AJL8/APC polymer modulator , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[33]  Kwang Taek Kim,et al.  Optical properties of side-polished polarization maintaining fiber coupled with a high index planar waveguide , 2004 .

[34]  Donald L. Lee,et al.  Electromagnetic Principles of Integrated Optics , 1986 .

[35]  Ivan Andonovic,et al.  In-line fibre-optic intensity modulator using electro-optic polymer , 1992 .

[36]  C L Chen,et al.  Side-polished fibers. , 1992, Applied optics.

[37]  Wenlie Lian,et al.  The progress of photonic sensor development to measure the RF electric and magnetic fields , 2003, Asia-Pacific Conference on Environmental Electromagnetics, 2003. CEEM 2003. Proceedings..

[38]  Thomas K. Gaylord,et al.  Electromagnetic propagation at interfaces and in waveguides in uniaxial crystals , 1985 .

[39]  R. Selfridge,et al.  Electro-optic sensor from high-Q resonance between optical D-fiber and slab waveguide , 2008, 2008 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science.

[40]  Stephen M. Schultz,et al.  Improved sensing performance of D-fiber/planar waveguide couplers. , 2007 .

[41]  Eiko Takaoka,et al.  Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas for KTP. , 2002, Applied optics.

[42]  Masato Kishi,et al.  Novel electromagnetic field probe using electro/magneto-optical crystals mounted on optical fiber facets for microwave circuit diagnosis , 2000, 2000 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.00CH37017).

[43]  Richard Gibson,et al.  Improved sensing performance of D-fiber/planar waveguide couplers. , 2007, Optics express.

[44]  Joerg Heber,et al.  Broadband Modulation of Light by Using an Electro-Optic Polymer , 2002, Science.

[45]  Krassimir Panajotov,et al.  Distributed coupling between a single-mode fiber and a planar waveguide , 1994 .

[46]  Volker Hagemann,et al.  Chemical Bragg grating sensor network based on side-polished optical fiber , 1998, Other Conferences.

[47]  Dietrich Marcuse.  Investigation of coupling between a fiber and an infinite slab , 1989 .

[48]  Lionel Duvillaret,et al.  Vectorial electric field measurement using isotropic electro-optic crystals , 2007 .

[49]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Polymer-based optical waveguides: Materials, processing, and devices , 2002 .

[50]  V. Ramaswamy,et al.  Propagation in asymmetrical anisotropic film waveguides. , 1974, Applied optics.

[51]  Sameer M. Chandani,et al.  Modelling of elliptical core D-fibers for determination of cladding thickness , 2007, Photonics North.

[52]  John D. Bierlein,et al.  Electro-optic and dielectric properties of KTiOPO4 , 1986 .

[53]  Y. T. Huang,et al.  Three-dimensional electric-field vector measurement with an electro-optic sensing technique. , 1999, Optics letters.

[54]  Robert J Hermann,et al.  Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack. Volume 1: Executive Report , 2004 .

[55]  E. Van Keuren,et al.  Implications of the high-power microwave weapon threat in electronic system design , 1991, IEEE 1991 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[56]  Richard Gibson,et al.  Electric field sensor array from cavity resonance between optical D-fiber and multiple slab waveguides. , 2009, Applied optics.

[57]  T. K. Gaylord,et al.  Hybrid guided modes in biaxial planar waveguides , 1996 .

[58]  D. T. Schaafsma,et al.  All-dielectric miniature wideband rf receive antenna , 2004 .

[59]  Haim Lotem,et al.  Optical electric-field sensors , 2006 .

[60]  Tadao Nagatsuma,et al.  Reflection-Type CW-Millimeter-Wave Imaging With a High-Sensitivity Waveguide-Mounted Electro-Optic Sensor : Instrumentation, Measurement, and Fabrication Technology , 2002 .

[61]  Scott A. Hamilton,et al.  Polymer in-line fiber modulators for broadband radio-frequency optical links , 1998 .

[62]  F. Ulaby.  Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics , 1998 .

[63]  John F. Whitaker,et al.  A fiber-mounted polymer electro-optic-sampling field sensor , 2003, The 16th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2003. LEOS 2003..

[64]  S G Lee,et al.  Polymer waveguide overlays for side-polished fiber devices. , 1998, Applied optics.

[65]  B Luther-Davies,et al.  Corrections to refractive index data of stoichiometric lithium tantalate in the 5-6 microm range. , 2006, Optics letters.

[66]  S. James,et al.  Fiber-optic chemical sensing with langmuir-blodgett overlay waveguides. , 1999, Applied optics.

[67]  Charles R. Kurkjian,et al.  Acid stripping of fused silica optical fibers without strength degradation , 1997 .

[68]  K.T. Kim,et al.  Widely tunable filter based on coupling between a side-polished fiber and a tapered planar waveguide , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[69]  Kyung-Rak Sohn,et al.  Thermooptically tunable side-polished fiber comb filter and its application , 2002, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.